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Mahatma Gandhi said this.

Lai Bahadur Shastri gave this slogan.

On 9th August, 1942, Mahatma Gandhi gave the slogan ‘Quit India’ and launched the Quit India Movement.

The Prince of Wales came to India on 17th Nov. 1921. At Bombay, he was received by a nation-wide Strike. Seeing the success of non – cooperation movement, the British government began to suppress the movement ruthlessly. They arrested the Ali Brothers. The Congress opposed their arrest and decided to call a strike throughout the country.

An English weekly published by Mahatma Gandhi from Ahmedabad in 1919.

On 17th November, 1921.

A committee was organized with justice Rowlatt as its chairman. On the basis of the report of this committee, an ordinance was passed regarding the revolutionary and criminal activities, which was known an Rowlatt Act. Its aim was to detain in jail any Indian on any pretext for two years, to suspend his citizenship rights and to suppress the demand of Swaraj. This act was opposed throughout the country.

1. The Rowlatt Act was enacted to suppress the growing discontent among the Indians and suggest measures about it. 

2. This Act authorised the government to arrest any Indian and imprison him without trial or warrant.

3. There was no provision for appeal against the punishment given under the Act. 

4. Due to such unjust provisions in the Rowlatt Act it was opposed by the people of India and called ‘Black Act’.

• To keep the Indians behind the bars for two years without any trial 
• To suspend the citizens’ rights of the Indians 
• To suppress the struggle for self-rule.

The Rowlatt act aimed at banning the demand for freedom and all other political activities connected with its demand.

1. The leaders of the Swaraj Party put up an idea of contesting elections and obstructing the work of the government.

2. They severely opposed unjust policies of the government. 

3. They demanded that a Responsible Government should be given to India. 

4. They demanded for Round Table Conference. 

5. They made a resolution in Assembly which demanded the release of political leaders taken as prisoners. 

6. Many resolutions were passed in the Central Legislative Assembly but were rejected by the government.

1. The members of the Indian National Congress like Motilal Nehru and Chittaranjan Das put an idea to contest elections and enter the Legislative Assembly and Provincial Legislative Council to obstruct the working of the government and oppose the unjust policies.

2. Therefore, they formed the Swaraj Party in 1922.

Correct option is (c) Berkenhead

1. The reforms introduced by Montague Chelmsford Act of 1919 was unsatisfactory. 

2. It created discontent among IndiAnswer: The British Government appointed the Simon Commission under the chairmanship of Sir John Simon in 1927.

3. There was not a single Indian member on the commission. In protest of this, the Congress boycotted the Simon Commission.

1. Indians extended help to the British government in the First World War. 

2. The Indians expected that after the war is over there will be a system of governance for taking decision for the well-being of the IndiAnswer: 

3. Moreover, the rising prices, increased taxes led to growing unrest among the Indians. 

4. To suppress this discontent and suggest measures about it Rowlatt Act was passed in 1919.

1. The objective of Dominion Status was not acceptable to Pandit Nehru, Subash Chandra Bose and other young leaders. 

2. Due to their influence, the resolution of demanding complete independence i.e. ‘Poorna Swaraj’ was passed in the Lahore session.

1. Berkenhead, the Secretary of State of India, criticised that Indian leaders were incapable of drafting a unanimously accepted constitution for India. 

2. This challenge was taken up by all party committee under the chairmanship of Pandit Motilal Nehru. 

3. The proposals of the Nehru Report were : 

• implement Adult Franchise system in India, 
• establish self government colonies of India, and 
• division of provinces on linguistic division.

In 1906, the government declared that the Blacks in South Africa should compulsorily carry an identity card. This was the restriction imposed on their freedom.

1. The farmers in Champaran region in Bihar were forced to cultivate indigo.

2. The cultivators suffered as they received a fixed amount as price from the plantation owners. 

3. In 1917, Gandhiji went to Champaran and organized the farmers. 

4. He launched agitation by adopting the technique of Satyagraha. 

5. The farmers were given justice and thus Gandhiji was successful in his first satyagraha in India.

(1) Martin Luther King in USA 

(2) Nelson Mandela in South Africa

1. Satyagraha, a novel technique, means insistence of truth. 

2. The aim of Satyagraha was to make the unjust person aware of truth and justice and also to transform his views. 

3. A Satyagrahi should never use violence and untruth meAnswer:

Correct option is (d) Gandhian Era

1. In 1893, Gandhiji went to South Africa for some legal work where he began his political work. 

2. Many Indians had settled in South Africa for the purpose of trade and business. 

3. They were treated as criminals and humiliating treatment was given to them. 

4. Many restrictions were imposed on their freedom like it was compulsory for them to carry an identity card. 

5. Gandhiji adopted the path of Satyagraha and gained justice for them.

On 17th Oct. 1940, the Congress started the Individual Satyagraha movement.

On 26th January 1930, people all over the country took the pledge for carrying out of freedom movement with non-violent means for attainment of independence of India.

1. During the First World War the inflation was very high. 

2. The mill workers demanded for rise in salary which was refused by the mill owners. 

3. Gandhiji advised the workers to go on hunger strike. 

4. In the end, the mill owners had to back off and the salary of workers was increased.

On 9th August 1942.

1. Due to continuous famines the crops had failed in Kheda district of Gujarat. 

2. But the farmers were forced to pay land tax by the government. 

3. Gandhiji suggested to the farmers that they should refuse to pay tax.

4. The farmers started the campaign to scrap the tax in 1918. 

5. The tax was suspended by the British Government which made the movement successful.

Civil disobedience movement  was started 1930.

Correct option is (c) Gopal Krishna Gokhale

1. Gandhiji was arrested in March 1922 for writing three anti-national articles in ‘Young India’. 

2. His trial was conducted in a special court set up in Ahmedabad. 

3. The charges were levied against him. He was imprisoned for six years.

The first Satyagraha in India was launched by Gandhiji at Champaran at Bihar in 1917.

Correct option is (b) Kheda

Correct option is (c) South Africa

1. Indian Muslims started a movement to support Khalifa known as the Khilafat Movement. 

2. Gandhiji felt that if Hindus and Muslims unitedly start a national movement then the government can be brought to its senses. 

3. Therefore, Gandhiji supported the Khilafat movement. 

4. The Khilafat committee accepted Gandhiji’s proposal and extended support to the Nonco-operation movement.

(a) 9th Aug. 1925

During the non – cooperation movement, on 5th Feb. 1922, at Chauri Chaura in district Gorakhpur, the police tried to stop the procession being conducted by the Congress. The furious crowd went violent and set the police post on fire in which 22 policemen were killed.

In 1921, at the Ahmedabad session of the Indian National Congress, a decision was taken to give the non-cooperation movement a countrywide form, Gandhi was given full rights to give the decision a practical shape. On 1st Feb. 1922, Gandhi wrote a warning letter to the Viceroy of India in this context. Full preparation had been made at Bardoli for launching the movement. But the sad incident of Chauri Chaura village of Gorakhpur district on 5th Feb. 1922 completely changed the entire political scenario.

The non – cooperation movement was at its peak. At the same time, in the village Chauri – Chaura (Gorakhpur) on 5th Feb. 1922, the police tried to stop the procession which was being conducted by the Congress workers. The workers got furious and the police took shelter in the post. The congress workers set fire to the police post. At least 22 policemen were burnt to death.

This violent incident at Chauri Chaura hurt the non – violent heart of Gandhiji. He withdrew the movement due to the use of violence by the Congress workers. Still, Gandhiji and many participants of the procession were arrested. Some other Congress leaders expressed their anguish at the tragic incident at Chauri Chaura.

(b) 4th Feb. 1922

Mahatma Gandhi played a very important role in the Indian freedom struggle. 

It may be described point wise in the following way: 

1. Father of the Nation: 

Mahatma Gandhi is recognized as the Father of the Nation because he was the most respectable and the most influential of all the national leaders in the freedom struggle.

2. Wholly dedicated to the cause of the country: 

Mahatma Gandhi dedicated his entire life to the country. He undertook fast unto death for liberating the country from the slavery of the English rule. The Britishers offered him many persuasions, but to him, the cause of the country was superior to any temptation, and he faced the mighty British.

3. Leadership only of the non – violent movements:

 Mahatma Gandhi carried out many non – violent movements against the British government. The chief movements were the Non – Cooperation Movement, Civil Disobedience Movement, Swadeshi Movement and Quit India Movement. Through his movements, he awakened Indian public that they should not co-operate with the English rulers.

4. He gave his countrymen the weapons of Satyagraha and Non – violence: 

Gandhiji had two weapons: 

• Satyagraha 
• Non – violence. 

To get his demand fulfilled, he sat an dhamas or kept fast for long periods. Many times, he undertook fast until death. Even the British government trembled before his weapon of Satyagraha.

5. To unite different social groups through nationalism: 

Gandhiji transformed the national movement for freedom into a public mass movement. He united the advocates, the doctors, the zamindars, the traders, the peasants, the labourers, the women, the Hindus, the Muslims, the Sikhs into one unit and established mutual love and sense of nationalism.

6. A Social Reformer : 

Mahatma did many things to uplift the standard of living of the people. To remove their poverty, he persuaded Indians to wear khadi. He tried his best to abolish untouchability and gave the lower caste people the name ‘Harijan’. To prevent communal riots, Gandhiji went from village to village to establish brotherhood among various groups of the society.

Gandhiji conducted many non – violent movements in India. But in fact, the history of national movement is the history of all the Satyagrahas conducted by Gandhiji. 

Gandhiji’s rule in these movements can be explained as follows:

(1) Imparted All India National Congress the status of a well – organised party: 

Under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhiji, in annual session of Congress at Nagpur in Dec. 1920, the Congress was given a new constitution and its structure became well – organised. The Congress party was transformed into a strong political party. A fifteen – member executive committee and an All India Working Committee consisting of 350 members was formed, and in the same way, provincial committees were also formed. In this way, besides leading various movements, Gandhiji gave a strong foundation to the Congress Party. 

(2) Made Indian National Congress a dynamic and active institution: 

The Non – cooperation movement changed the form and nature of the Congress party. Now, it became a dynamic and revolutionary party. Gandhiji gave the national movement a revolutionary form. Through the Non – cooperation Movement, Civil Disobedience Movement and Quit India Movement, there was a clear non – acceptance of the British authority, opposition to the cruel and tyrannical laws. Boycotting foreign goods and encouraging Swadeshi had become familiar things of life. Attaining freedom had become the ultimate target of the Congress party. 

(3) Developed nationalistic feelings: 

Through his movements. Gandhiji created and developed nationalistic feelings among the Indian masses. He made all the Indians stand under one banner. He inspired his countrymen to adopt Swadeshi goods. This love for Swadeshi goods made them nationalists and patriots. 

(4) Made the National Movement popular throughout the country: 

Gandhiji made the national movement not only revolutionary, but also popular. He brought political awakening not only in the cities, but also in the villages. 

(5) Fixed a definite goal for the movement:

 All the national leaders prior to Gandhiji wanted freedom from British slavery. But they had no definite, well – planned programme and appropriate ways and means to realise their goal. Gandhiji made a definite goal, a well chalked – out programme and the ways and means to get it. 

(6) Inspired the common people to be courageous, bold and daring: 

When the Indians were fear – stricken due to the ruthless and tyrannical behaviour of the British rulers, Gandhiji made them bold, courageous and fearless. They became so daring that they bared their chests before the blazing guns of the British. 

(7) Communal unity: 

Mahatma Gandhiji was the worshipper of Hindu – Muslim unity. Many times, he became mentally prepared to give up his life to maintain Hindu – Muslim unity. In the Khilafat movement, he took a leading role only for cementing the Hindu – Muslim unity. He opposed the MacDonald Communal Award of separate electorates for the Muslims, the Sikhs and the Dalits. (8) Achieve political goals through moral means: Mahatma Gandhi withdrew the non – cooperation movement when the satyagrahis set fire to the police post at Chauri – Chaura and twenty two policemen were burnt to death. He gave the slogan “Do or Die”, but he always advised the satyagrahis to be peaceful and non-violent in their actions.

Role of Gandhiji Non – cooperation Movement:

Even during his stay in South Africa, Gandhiji had started taking interest in the issue of Hindu – Muslim unity in India. According to him, Lucknow Pact had not become a strong foundation of Hindu – Muslim unity. For Gandhiji, the Khilafat Movement was a unique opportunity to forge Hindu-Muslim unity. In Nov. 1919, Gandhiji was elected the president of the khilafat conference.

Gandhiji declared that if the Great Britain does not provide justice to Turkey, the boycott and non – cooperation movement will be started. But the cooperation of the Congress was essential for it. So, at the Calcutta session of the Congress in 1920, a new plan for non – cooperation movement was devised. The year 1921 brought with it the non – cooperation movement with a renewed zeal. Its message was the boycott of all the political, social and economic institutions of British India.

Gandhiji returned the title Kaiser – e – Hind. Thousands of students boycotted schools and colleges. Many advocates gave up their profession. Non cooperation movement gave a new energy to India. The British government was amazed to see the impact of this movement.

It became difficult for the British government to face it. In December 1921, at the Ahmedabad session of the Congress, it was decided to make the non-cooperation movement a mass movement. Gandhiji was given all rights regarding the noncooperation movement.

In Feb. 1922, Mahatma Gandhi wrote a letter to the Viceroy of India, which was a sort of warning. At Bartholdi, full-fledged preparation had been made for this movement. But due to the Chauri-Chaura incident, this movement had to be withdrawn.

All Congress leaders opposed Gandhiji’s this decision. Lala Lajpat Rai and Moti Lai Nehru wrote a letter to Gandhiji from the jail that due to a mistake at one place, whole country had been punished. The next day, Gandhiji was arrested, although he had postponed the non – cooperation movement, and was tried as a traitor of the country. He was imprisoned for six years.

Gandhiji thought that the non-cooperation movement was becoming more violent day by day, which was against his principles of peace and non-violence. So, he withdrew the movement.

The following were the causes of the beginning of the Non – cooperation movement: 

1. Unsatisfactory Montague Chelmsford Reforms: 

During the First World War, the Indians helped their British masters wholeheartedly. The English rulers admired the services and help of the Indians. They also declared that they were fighting to protect democracy in the world. President Wilson’s fourteen principles included the self-determination principle,which would give the right in determining the form of government in all the countries of the world. But the reforms declared in July 1918 gave Indians a shock of dissatisfaction and disappointment.

2. Financial difficulties: 

Indians had to face many financial difficulties during 1917 – 1920. These difficulties created the feeling of dissatisfaction. During the war, no attention was paid to the development of agriculture. The result was that prices of food grains shot up. Secondly, the British masters ill-treated the farmers in Champaran (Bihar) and in Kheda (Gujarat).

3. Rowlatt Act: 

During the First World War, the English bureaucrats had been given special rights and powers. But even after the war, they did not want to give up those powers. They used those powers to suppress the revolutionaries and to terrorize them. Keeping in view this beneficial situation, the Federal legislature passed two ordinances on the recommendation of the report of justice Sydney Rowlatt.

These Acts are known as Rowlatt acts. The non – government members of the legislative council opposed these ordinances unanimously, but due to the majority of the government, one of the acts was passed. So Gandhiji proposed to start the satvagraha.

4. Jallianwala Bagh massacre: 

On 13 th April 1919, an inhuman massacre took place at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar. General Dyer ordered the British army soldiers to fire on unarmed men, women and children until the ammunition was exhausted. The whole incident was too horrible and this was done to strike terror and fear among-st Indians. But, it indirectly gave birth to discontentment which took the form of movements.

5. Suppressive policy and inhuman behaviour: 

Martial law was imposed in Punjab and the army tortured inhumanly even the old and the sick, the women and the children. No other example of such tyranny and torture can be found in the history of the world. All this inhuman behaviour caused such anger expressed in the form of movement.

6. Disappointment at Hunter Commission’s report: 

Due to the repeated pressure of the political leaders, the British government formed an investigating committee to find out the extent of the atrocities and torture perpetrated on the people, under the president ship of Lord Hunter. The report tried to ignore the atrocities committed by the army during the martial law in Punjab. This partiality of the commission enraged the Indians, and their anger erupted in the form of non – cooperation movement.

7. Unrest amongst Indian Muslims on the issue of Khilafat in: 

The Sultan of Turkey was the Khalifa, the spiritual leader of Indian Muslims. Great Britain, during the World War, had promised Indian Muslims that after the war it would not take any revengeful action against Turkey. But it did not keep its promise and removed the Sultan of Turkey from the office of Khalifa. The Congress also opposed the British government on this issue and supported the movement.

In the non – cooperation movement, the use of foreign goods was boycotted. Naturally, there was an increasing demand for the Swadeshi goods. So, the production of Swadeshi goods increased which promoted the small – scale industries.

There is a village named Chauri – Chaura in Gorakhpur district. On 5th Feb. 1922, Congress workers conducted a procession to highlight the tyranny of the British rulers on the Indians. This programme was a part of non – cooperation movement. As the peaceful procession neared the police post at Chauri – Chaura, the police tried to stop it.

The crowd got furious, chased the policemen into the outpost and set it on fire. At least 22 policemen were killed and many more were wounded. This sad incident hurt Gandhiji, he could not bear the violent incident and thus he withdrew the non – cooperation movement.

(c) Non – cooperation movement

Although Quit India movement failed to force the British rulers to quit India, yet the movement stirred the Indians to a patriotic awakening. It was a mass awakening and gave the message to the British rulers that the possibility of their staying in India was no longer there.

While breaking the salt law, Gandhiji had said that, the Satyagrahis are never defeated unless they give up the truth.

Correct option is (a) Hunter