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Malnutrition: Eating of food that does not have one or more than one nutrients in required amount is known as malnutrition.

Malnutrition is of three types: 

1. Calorie malnutrition, 

2. Protein malnutrition, 

3. Protein calorie malnutrition. 

Nutrition deficiency diseases: 

1. Kwashiorkor disease: This is due to protein deficiency in diet. Symptoms: 

i) Body parts becomes swollen due to accumulation of water in the intercellular spaces, 

ii) Very poor muscle development, 

iii) Swollen legs, 

iv) Fluffy face, 

v) difficult to eat,

vi) diarrhoea, 

vii) Dry skin.

2. Marasmus: This is due to deficiency of both protein and calories. Generally this disease occurs when there is an immediate pregnancy or repeated child births. Symptoms: 

i) Lean and weak, 

ii) Swelling in joints of limbs, 

iii) Less developed muscles, 

iv) Dry skin, 

v) diarrhoea.

Eg: Kwashiorkor, Marasmus etc.

The gas released by hydrilla twigs is O₂ It burns the incense sticks with glowing flames.

Jan Ingenhousz in 1779 found that the gasbubbles liberated from hydrilla plant contain the gas oxygen.

Instead of H₂O purple sulphur bacteria use H₂S as a starting material.

B) Conversion of carbohydrates to glucose.

B) H₂S as starting material

Answer is (B) Water

Nutrition: It is the procurement or intake of nutrients.

The food habits I am going to follow after reading this chapter are: 

1. I take balanced diet which contains proper amounts of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins and minerals.

2. I avoid taking food containing high proportion of fat. 

3. I eat food as much required by my body. I do not over eat. 

4. I will not eat rich meals over several days. 

5. I eat simple balanced meals, eat it leisurely and thoroughly masticating the food. 

6. I avoid doing violent exercise soon after eating food. 

7. I empty the bowels regularly avoiding constipation. 

8. I will see to have plenty of roughages in the diet. 

(OR) 

After reading the chapter nutrition, I would like to follow the following food habits. 

1. Having simple, well balanced meals. 

2. Eating them in a leisurely manner.

3. Thoroughly masticating the food. 

4. Avoiding strenuous exercise soon after eating food. 

5. Drinking plenty of water and having regular bowel movement. 

6. Decreasing consumption of coffee or tea per day. 

7. Taking leafy vegetables at least 3 times a week and taking of fruits and vegetables plenty. 

8. Maintaining regular timings for daily food consumption.

The two sources of vitamins to our body are one is diet and the other is bacteria present in the intestine synthesise enzymes and supply them to the body.

1. Plants are the universal food providers. If they stop photosynthesis all the animals would die due to starvation. 

2. Plants release oxygen during photosynthesis. It is essential for survival of all living beings. If photosynthesis does nottake place, there would be no oxygen on the earth and no chance of survival of life on this planet. 

3. plants utilise CO₂ for photosynthesis. If it does not occur, CO₂ utilisation is stopped and hence increase in the levels of CO₂ This leads to global warming.

Answer is (D) All

Autotrophic nutrition and heterotrophic nutrition are the main modes of nutrition.

1. Eating of rice polished only for one time gives us vitamin thiamine in abundant amount. 

2. We should eat balanced food containing nutrients in equal quantities. 

3. Fresh leafy vegetables are rich source of vitamins Riboflavin, Folic acid and Vitamin ‘C’. So our diet should contain these leafy vegetables. 

4. Sufficient amount of non-vegetarian foods like meat, poultry, fish, kidney and liver should present in our food.

5. Eating fresh fruits also add number of vitamins to our body. 

6. Whole cereals like wheat, rice provide number of vitamins to our body. So we shall eat required quantities of cereals in our food.

1. Vitamins are organic substances. 

2. They are micro – nutrients required in small quantities. 

3. Actually vitamins are not synthesised in the body and therefore they are essential nutrients.

4. Though our body cannot synthesis vitamins we do not generally suffer from vitamindeficiency disease.

5. This is because of two sources of vitamins for our body. Diet is the primary source. 

6. In addition, bacteria present in the intestine synthesis vitamins and supply them to us 

7. By themselves vitamins cannot generate any energy or carryout any chemical reaction. 

8. In the body vitamins combine with some of the enzymes and make the enzymes active. 

9. In the absence of vitamins, enzymes become inactive and cannot catalyse the reactions.

10. Vitamins are normally present in all types of natural foods – milk, meat, fruits and vegetables. 

11. Vitamins are of two types: 

1. Water soluble vitamins eg: B complex and Vitamin C and 

2. Fat soluble vitamins eg: A, D, E and K.

1. Be cool and say no to fast food. 

2. Be smart – Eat smart 

3. Eat healthy – Look healthy – Feel healthy

A. Necessary conditions: 

1. Autotrophic nutrition takes place through the process of photosynthesis. 

2. Carbon dioxide, water, chlorophyll pigment and sunlight are the necessary conditions required for autotrophic nutrition.

3. The rate of photosynthesis depends on availability of sunlight.

B. By products:

1. Photosynthesis is the main process for autotrophic nutrition. 

2. Carbohydrates and oxygen are the by products of photosynthesis.

Water soluble vitamins:

B complex (B₁) Thiamine, (B₂) Riboflavin, (B₃) Niacin, (B₆) Pyridoxine, (B₁₂)  Cyanocobalamine, Folic acid, Pantothenic acid, Biotin, (C) Ascorbic Acid. Fat soluble: (A) Retinol, (D) Calciferol, (E) Tocoferol, (K) Phylloquinine.

Heterotrophic nutrition is of three types. They are: 

1. Saprophytic nutrition

2. Parasitic nutrition and 

3. Holozoic nutrition.

1. Respiration is a catabolic (destructive) process and photosynthesis is an anabolic (constructive) process. 

2. If the rate of respiration becomes more than the rate of photosynthesis, the amount of food oxidised will be more than the food produced.

3. This affects the growth and development of plants and may even results in the death of the plant.

C) Leaf part outside the bottle

The chemicals used in an experiment to test the presence of starch in the leaf are 

1. Methylated spirit 

2. Iodine solution.

B) Light screen

The correct answer is Chloroplast.

Answer is (D) 1, 3, 4, 2

Mohl’s half leaf experiment shows CO₂ is essential for photosynthesis.

1. Immersing leaf in boiling water will breakdown the cell membranes of leaf cells.

2. It makes the leaf more permeable to iodine solution, so that it can reach the starch present inside the leaf cells.

1. Bacteria and fungi are non-green plants. So they cannot prepare their own food materials. 

2. They are saprophytes which feed on dead and decaying plant and animal bodies.

3. The fungi and bacteria breakdown the complex organic molecules present in dead and decaying matter by releasing chemical substances into simple substances outside the body. 

4. These simpler substances are then absorbed by fungi and bacteria as their food.

Answer is (B) Iodine

This is because if starch is present it will interfere with the result of the experiment

B) remove starch from leaves

(1) The various groups of foodstuffs are :

1. Milk and milk products, meat, fish, eggs. 

2. Cereals and pulses 

3. Vegetables and fruits. 

4. Fatty substances oil, butter and ghee.

There are six main nutrients in our food :

carbohydrates, fats, proteins, fibres, vitamins and minerals.

(2) Fibres help in excretion of food, 

If we do not get enough fibre we will face indigestion and stomachache.

(3) We must not over-cook the foodstuff containing fibres. 

Fruits should be eaten raw.

Option : (2) proteins

Option : (c) 2000-2500

Option : (3) iodine

Option : (b) Amla