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It is a two – way process. It is a continuous and dynamic process in which two or more people systematically exchange information, ideas or facts

(b) Informal Communication

(b) About the price, type and value of the goods.

(c) Informal Communication

The technique of written communication is Fax.

The four advantages of formal communication:

• The flow of messages in this communication is done through a pre-determined route. 
• The information related to the source of information can be easily accountable to the concerned person for the message. 
• Reciprocal differences do not arise.
• Messages are exchanged with pre-determined objectives.

It refers to the communication that does not have any predetermined way to exchange messages and people execute the flow of information due to personal and social relations. The organisational chart is of no importance in it and these are not subject to definite methods and rules.

• There is a quick stream of messages in it. 
• The efficiency of various departments increases.

It refers to communication that, in turn, is sent to the recipient in writing.

The process of creating a message for transmission is called encoding.

It is positioned at the below the office address on the left.

It is used to quickly understand the letter’s topic.

The flow of messages informal communication goes through a pre-determined route. The relation exists between the sender and the receiver.

It is written by the businessman for the agency, to be appointed as an agent.

Every business runs on finance. If we want that a business might be able to run on mere goodwill, then it is not possible. The letter of agreement is written when the customer is not able to repay the amount of the products brought by him, on the date of payment, so a letter is written to remind him for the same, and it is called letter of agreement. These letters can be written many times. Initially, the language used is humble, but later on, it gets a little harsh.

Slant, diagonal or fleet communication.

The exchange of ideas taking place between the officials working at different levels, and it has no sequence.

Four demerits of formal communication are:

• There is a possibility of a delay. 
• The messages pass through a pre-described route, so the normal flow is interrupted. 
• It is a costly affair. 
• It increases the workload of the senior officials

When the information is sent to many people at the same time, it is called a circular letter.

When the message is sent by the subordinate staff to the higher officials, it is called upward communication.

A written list of goods, services or space to be provided at the agreed-upon prices, terms and time are conveyed by such a letter.

Interpreting the message accordingly is called decoding.

The exchange of information, feelings and facts between the individuals, groups, departments and branches of an organisation.

(a) On the new partner’s territory

• Disruption in communication due to unnecessary interference by high officials. 
• This communication lacks at the lower level of the organisational structure.

It is used to refer to received letters or sent letters.

These type of letters are written to answer the Letter of Inquiry.

• The moral of the employees, their fraternity and their ability to work are enhanced. 
• The suggestions of the staff can be availed.

• Language and semantic barrier. 
• Barriers are due to organisation structure.

Non-verbal communication.

(d) For debt collection

(a) Patrol Letter

Letter of inquiry.

When information or messages are exchanged between employees, officers or the heads of various departments, it is called flat communication,

(d) Letter of Credit

Imperative and worker communication.

• It is a two-way process.
• It is an on-going activity.

(d)  Grapevine

In this, the flow of messages is directed to the subordinates and the sequence of instructions is arranged on the basis of the order in which the communication of the messages is sent below.

On the basis of relation, communication is divided into 2 parts.

• Internal Communication. 
• External Communication.

(c) People Communication

(c) In oral communication

The process of exchanging information between the institutions and the parties such as external parties, customers, shareholders, etc., and other organizations are known as external communication.

The give and take of messages in informal communication are done during refreshment, lunchtime and during the first hours of the office.

(d) All of these

(c) Letter of Reference

Upon delay in supply of goods. poor transport, in case of defective pieces, received, complaint letter can be written.

Four faults of informal communication: 

•  It is very difficult to control this type of communication.
• Since it is a non-verbal type of communication, it is difficult to put trust in. 
• The employees try to avoid liability. 
• Notifications are often not complete, which can lead to illusion.

• It is very difficult to control.
• There is no action orientation involved.