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Encapsulation specifies the different classes which can use the members of an OBJECT. The main goal of encapsulation is to provide an INTERFACE to clients which decrease the dependency on those features and PARTS which are likely to change in future. This FACILITATES EASY changes to the code and features.

Encapsulation specifies the different classes which can use the members of an object. The main goal of encapsulation is to provide an interface to clients which decrease the dependency on those features and parts which are likely to change in future. This facilitates easy changes to the code and features.

A method will affect only a particular OBJECT to which it is specified. Methods are VERBS meaning they DEFINE actions which a particular object will perform. It also defines various other characteristics of a particular object.

A method will affect only a particular object to which it is specified. Methods are verbs meaning they define actions which a particular object will perform. It also defines various other characteristics of a particular object.

There are three patterns of design out of which Creational patterns play an important role the various patterns described UNDERNEATH this are: -
1) Factory PATTERN
2) Single ton pattern
3) Prototype pattern
4) Abstract factory pattern
5) Builder pattern.

There are three patterns of design out of which Creational patterns play an important role the various patterns described underneath this are: -
1) Factory pattern
2) Single ton pattern
3) Prototype pattern
4) Abstract factory pattern
5) Builder pattern.

As we LIVE in a WORLD of objects, it logically FOLLOWS that the OBJECT oriented approach models the real world accurately. The object oriented approach allows you to identify ENTITIES as objects having attributes and behavior.

As we live in a world of objects, it logically follows that the object oriented approach models the real world accurately. The object oriented approach allows you to identify entities as objects having attributes and behavior.

The anlaysis or the object oriented analysis phase considers the system as a solution to a problem in its ENVIRONMENT or domain. Developer CONCENTRATES on obtaining as MUCH information as possible about the problem. CRITICAL requirements needs to be identified.

The anlaysis or the object oriented analysis phase considers the system as a solution to a problem in its environment or domain. Developer concentrates on obtaining as much information as possible about the problem. Critical requirements needs to be identified.

There are several programming languages which are implementing OOP because of its close proximity to SOLVE real life problems. Languages such as Python, Ruby, Ruby on rails, Perl, PHP, Coldfusion, etc USE OOP. Still many languages prefer to use DOM based languages DUE to the EASE in coding.

There are several programming languages which are implementing OOP because of its close proximity to solve real life problems. Languages such as Python, Ruby, Ruby on rails, Perl, PHP, Coldfusion, etc use OOP. Still many languages prefer to use DOM based languages due to the ease in coding.

PARAMETRIC polymorphism is supported by many object oriented languages and they are very important for object oriented techniques. In parametric polymorphism CODE is WRITTEN without any specification for the type of data present. HENCE it can be used any NUMBER of times.

Parametric polymorphism is supported by many object oriented languages and they are very important for object oriented techniques. In parametric polymorphism code is written without any specification for the type of data present. Hence it can be used any number of times.

OBJECT oriented databases are very popular such as RELATIONAL database management SYSTEMS. Object oriented databases systems use specific structure through which they extract data and they COMBINE the data for a specific output. These DBMS use object oriented languages to make the PROCESS easier.

Object oriented databases are very popular such as relational database management systems. Object oriented databases systems use specific structure through which they extract data and they combine the data for a specific output. These DBMS use object oriented languages to make the process easier.

Overriding polymorphism is known to OCCUR when a data type can perform different FUNCTIONS. For example an addition operator can perform different functions such as addition, float addition etc. Overriding polymorphism is generally used in COMPLEX projects where the use of a parameter is more.

Overriding polymorphism is known to occur when a data type can perform different functions. For example an addition operator can perform different functions such as addition, float addition etc. Overriding polymorphism is generally used in complex projects where the use of a parameter is more.

Polymorphism HELPS a sub class to behave like a parent class. When an OBJECT belonging to DIFFERENT DATA TYPES respond to methods which have a same name, the only condition being that those methods should perform different function.

Polymorphism helps a sub class to behave like a parent class. When an object belonging to different data types respond to methods which have a same name, the only condition being that those methods should perform different function.

Composition helps to simplify a complex problem into an EASIER problem. It makes DIFFERENT CLASSES and OBJECTS to interact with each other thus making the problem to be solved automatically. It interacts with the problem by making different classes and objects to send a MESSAGE to each other.

Composition helps to simplify a complex problem into an easier problem. It makes different classes and objects to interact with each other thus making the problem to be solved automatically. It interacts with the problem by making different classes and objects to send a message to each other.

Abstraction SIMPLIFIES a complex problem to a simpler problem by specifying and MODELING the class to the relevant problem scenario. It simplifies the problem by giving the class its specific class of INHERITANCE. Composition ALSO helps in SOLVING the problem to an extent.

Abstraction simplifies a complex problem to a simpler problem by specifying and modeling the class to the relevant problem scenario. It simplifies the problem by giving the class its specific class of inheritance. Composition also helps in solving the problem to an extent.

Encapsulation PASSES the message without REVEALING the exact functional details of the class. It allows only the relevant information to the user without revealing the functional MECHANISM through which a PARTICULAR class had functioned.

Encapsulation passes the message without revealing the exact functional details of the class. It allows only the relevant information to the user without revealing the functional mechanism through which a particular class had functioned.

Inheritance INVOLVES inheriting characteristics from its PARENTS ALSO they can have their own characteristics. In multiple inheritance a class can have characteristics from multiple parents or CLASSES. A SUB class can have characteristics from multiple parents and still can have its own characteristics.

Inheritance involves inheriting characteristics from its parents also they can have their own characteristics. In multiple inheritance a class can have characteristics from multiple parents or classes. A sub class can have characteristics from multiple parents and still can have its own characteristics.

Inheritance revolves around the concept of inheriting knowledge and CLASS attributes from the parent class. In general sense a SUB class tries to acquire CHARACTERISTICS from a parent class and they can also have their own characteristics. Inheritance forms an IMPORTANT concept in object oriented PROGRAMMING.

Inheritance revolves around the concept of inheriting knowledge and class attributes from the parent class. In general sense a sub class tries to acquire characteristics from a parent class and they can also have their own characteristics. Inheritance forms an important concept in object oriented programming.

Every class and an object have an instance. Instance of a particular object is CREATED at runtime. VALUES DEFINED for a particular object define its State. Instance of an object explains the relation SHIP between different elements.

Every class and an object have an instance. Instance of a particular object is created at runtime. Values defined for a particular object define its State. Instance of an object explains the relation ship between different elements.

Class DESCRIBES the nature of a particular thing. STRUCTURE and modularity is provided by a Class in OBJECT oriented programming environment. Characteristics of the class should be understandable by an ordinary non programmer and it should ALSO convey the meaning of the problem statement to him. Class acts like a BLUE print.

Class describes the nature of a particular thing. Structure and modularity is provided by a Class in object oriented programming environment. Characteristics of the class should be understandable by an ordinary non programmer and it should also convey the meaning of the problem statement to him. Class acts like a blue print.

In the design phase, the developers of the system document their understanding of the system. Design GENERATES the blue print of the system that is to be IMPLEMENTED. The first STEP in creating an OBJECT oriented design is the identification of classes and their RELATIONSHIPS.

In the design phase, the developers of the system document their understanding of the system. Design generates the blue print of the system that is to be implemented. The first step in creating an object oriented design is the identification of classes and their relationships.

The design PHASE is FOLLOWED by OOP, which is the IMPLEMENTATION phase. OOP provides specifications for writing programs in a programming LANGUAGE. During the implementation phase, programming is done as PER the requirements gathered during the analysis and design phases.

The design phase is followed by OOP, which is the implementation phase. OOP provides specifications for writing programs in a programming language. During the implementation phase, programming is done as per the requirements gathered during the analysis and design phases.

An object is a combination of messages and data. OBJECTS can RECEIVE and send messages and use messages to INTERACT with each other. The messages contain INFORMATION that is to be PASSED to the recipient object.

An object is a combination of messages and data. Objects can receive and send messages and use messages to interact with each other. The messages contain information that is to be passed to the recipient object.

Object oriented programming is ONE of the most POPULAR methodologies in SOFTWARE development. It OFFERS a powerful model for creating computer programs. It speeds the program development process, IMPROVES maintenance and enhances reusability of programs.

Object oriented programming is one of the most popular methodologies in software development. It offers a powerful model for creating computer programs. It speeds the program development process, improves maintenance and enhances reusability of programs.

OBJECT oriented concepts form the base of all modern programming LANGUAGES. Understanding the basic concepts of object-orientation helps a DEVELOPER to use VARIOUS modern day programming languages, more effectively.

Object oriented concepts form the base of all modern programming languages. Understanding the basic concepts of object-orientation helps a developer to use various modern day programming languages, more effectively.

A use case specifies the behavior of a SYSTEM or a PART of a system, all use CASES are used to capture the behavior that need to be developed. It involves the INTERACTION of actors and the system.

A use case specifies the behavior of a system or a part of a system, all use cases are used to capture the behavior that need to be developed. It involves the interaction of actors and the system.

A MESSAGE is the specification of a communication, when a message is PASSED that RESULTS in ACTION that is in turn an executable statement.

A message is the specification of a communication, when a message is passed that results in action that is in turn an executable statement.

There are different kinds of relationships: Dependencies, Generalization, and Association. Dependencies are relations ships between two ENTITIES that that a change in specification of one thing MAY affect another thing. Most commonly it is used to show that one class uses another class as an argument in the signature of the operation. Generalization is relationships SPECIFIED in the class subclass scenario, it is SHOWN when one entity inherits from other. Associations are structural relationships that are: a ROOM has walls, Person works for a company. Aggregation is a type of association where there is a has a relation ship, That is a room has walls, ño if there are two classes room and walls then the relation ship is called a association and further defined as an aggregation.

There are different kinds of relationships: Dependencies, Generalization, and Association. Dependencies are relations ships between two entities that that a change in specification of one thing may affect another thing. Most commonly it is used to show that one class uses another class as an argument in the signature of the operation. Generalization is relationships specified in the class subclass scenario, it is shown when one entity inherits from other. Associations are structural relationships that are: a room has walls, Person works for a company. Aggregation is a type of association where there is a has a relation ship, That is a room has walls, ño if there are two classes room and walls then the relation ship is called a association and further defined as an aggregation.

ARCHITECTURE is not only taking care of the structural and behavioral aspect of a software SYSTEM but ALSO taking into account the software usage, functionality, performance, reuse, economic and technology CONSTRAINTS.

Architecture is not only taking care of the structural and behavioral aspect of a software system but also taking into account the software usage, functionality, performance, reuse, economic and technology constraints.

MODELING DIAGRAMS that are COMMONLY USED are, there are 9 of them. Use case diagram, Class Diagram, Object Diagram, SEQUENCE Diagram, statechart Diagram, Collaboration Diagram, Activity Diagram, Component diagram, Deployment Diagram.

Modeling diagrams that are commonly used are, there are 9 of them. Use case diagram, Class Diagram, Object Diagram, Sequence Diagram, statechart Diagram, Collaboration Diagram, Activity Diagram, Component diagram, Deployment Diagram.

Major three TYPES of modeling are STRUCTURAL, BEHAVIORAL, and ARCHITECTURAL.

Major three types of modeling are structural, behavioral, and architectural.

Diagrams are GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION of a SET of elements most often SHOWN made of things and ASSOCIATIONS.

Diagrams are graphical representation of a set of elements most often shown made of things and associations.

Normally there are 5 views.

Use Case view - This view exposes the requirements of a system.

DESIGN View - CAPTURING the vocabulary.

Process View - modeling the distribution of the systems PROCESSES and THREADS. Implementation view - ADDRESSING the physical implementation of the system.

Deployment view - focus on the modeling the components required for deploying the system.

Normally there are 5 views.

Use Case view - This view exposes the requirements of a system.

Design View - Capturing the vocabulary.

Process View - modeling the distribution of the systems processes and threads. Implementation view - addressing the physical implementation of the system.

Deployment view - focus on the modeling the components required for deploying the system.

MODELING is a proven and well-accepted engineering technique which helps build a model. Model is a simplification of REALITY; it is a blueprint of the actual SYSTEM that NEEDS to be built. Model helps to visualize the system. Model helps to specify the structural and behavior of the system. Model helps make templates for constructing the system. Model helps DOCUMENT the system.

Modeling is a proven and well-accepted engineering technique which helps build a model. Model is a simplification of reality; it is a blueprint of the actual system that needs to be built. Model helps to visualize the system. Model helps to specify the structural and behavior of the system. Model helps make templates for constructing the system. Model helps document the system.

UML is UNIFIED Modeling Language. It is a graphical language for visualizing specifying constructing and documenting the artifacts of the system. It allows you to create a blue print of all the aspects of the system, before actually physically IMPLEMENTING the system.

UML is Unified Modeling Language. It is a graphical language for visualizing specifying constructing and documenting the artifacts of the system. It allows you to create a blue print of all the aspects of the system, before actually physically implementing the system.

OLAP functionality is performed using SQL Anywhere by utilizing various extensions to SQL statements and window functions. Multidimensional data analysis, data mining, trend analysis, goal seeking, cost allocations, time series analyses and altering exceptions can be performed with a SINGLE SQL statement.

Extensions to SELECT statement: Grouping INPUT rows, analyze the groups and including the findings in the final result, are the operations that could be DONE in SELECT statement. They include extensions to GROUP BY clause – GROUING SETS, CUBE and ROLLUP CLAUSES and WINDOW clause.

WINDOW aggregate functions: Configurable sliding window concept is supported for using aggregate functions, which moves down the input rows as they are processed. Computing percentiles, moving averages and cumulative sums are performed in a single SQL statement, which reduces the complexity of using self-joins, correlated sub queries, temporary tables and at times, the combination of all these three.

Window ranking functions: These functions FACILITATES to form a single statement SQL queries , to obtain the information , like shipped top ten products in a given year by total sales.

OLAP functionality is performed using SQL Anywhere by utilizing various extensions to SQL statements and window functions. Multidimensional data analysis, data mining, trend analysis, goal seeking, cost allocations, time series analyses and altering exceptions can be performed with a single SQL statement.

Extensions to SELECT statement: Grouping input rows, analyze the groups and including the findings in the final result, are the operations that could be done in SELECT statement. They include extensions to GROUP BY clause – GROUING SETS, CUBE and ROLLUP clauses and WINDOW clause.

WINDOW aggregate functions: Configurable sliding window concept is supported for using aggregate functions, which moves down the input rows as they are processed. Computing percentiles, moving averages and cumulative sums are performed in a single SQL statement, which reduces the complexity of using self-joins, correlated sub queries, temporary tables and at times, the combination of all these three.

Window ranking functions: These functions facilitates to form a single statement SQL queries , to obtain the information , like shipped top ten products in a given year by total sales.

MOLAP: A more traditional way of OLAP analysis. Data is persisted in a multidimensional cube in MOLAP. The storage is in PROPRIETARY formats but not in the relational database. MOLAP data cubes are BUILT in such a way that data retrieval is faster and are optimal for dicing and slicing operations.

ROLAP: A methodology that is relied on MANIPULATING the persisted data in the relational database, for providing an appearance of traditional OLAP’s dicing and slicing functionality. The actions of slicing and dicing are equivalent to adding the ‘WHERE’ clause in the SQL statement, is the essential part of ROLAP. The amount of data is not limited by ROLAP itself, thus able to handle LARGE amounts of data.

MOLAP: A more traditional way of OLAP analysis. Data is persisted in a multidimensional cube in MOLAP. The storage is in proprietary formats but not in the relational database. MOLAP data cubes are built in such a way that data retrieval is faster and are optimal for dicing and slicing operations.

ROLAP: A methodology that is relied on manipulating the persisted data in the relational database, for providing an appearance of traditional OLAP’s dicing and slicing functionality. The actions of slicing and dicing are equivalent to adding the ‘WHERE’ clause in the SQL statement, is the essential part of ROLAP. The amount of data is not limited by ROLAP itself, thus able to handle large amounts of data.

Bitmaps are USEFUL for STARTING schema for the purpose of joining large databases small databases. For performing logical operations on the databases, bit arrays and the answer QUERIES are used. To HANDLE Gender differentiation, bit map INDEXES are efficient. Bit map indexes also capable of performing repetitive tasks with much larger efficiency.

Bitmaps are useful for starting schema for the purpose of joining large databases small databases. For performing logical operations on the databases, bit arrays and the answer queries are used. To handle Gender differentiation, bit map indexes are efficient. Bit map indexes also capable of performing repetitive tasks with much larger efficiency.

ONE bitmap is commonly USED for every single DISTINCT value. When opted for DIFFERENT types of encoding, the number of BITMAPS could be reduced. Space optimization can be achieved, except when the query is generated; bit maps need to be accessed.

One bitmap is commonly used for every single distinct value. When opted for different types of encoding, the number of bitmaps could be reduced. Space optimization can be achieved, except when the query is generated; bit maps need to be accessed.

Space saving can be achieved by a process called ‘binning’. The performance could vary BASED on the GENERATED query, and at TIMES query solution can COME in a few seconds and sometimes it could take more TIME. Binning process allows multiple values to be held up in the same bin.

Space saving can be achieved by a process called ‘binning’. The performance could vary based on the generated query, and at times query solution can come in a few seconds and sometimes it could take more time. Binning process allows multiple values to be held up in the same bin.

CANDIDATE check is a process that triggered during checking the base data. The performance of candidate check VARIES either towards the positive side or to the NEGATIVE side. The OVERALL performance of the candidate check is dependent on the query submitted by the user and also on the EXAMINING the base data.

Candidate check is a process that triggered during checking the base data. The performance of candidate check varies either towards the positive side or to the negative side. The overall performance of the candidate check is dependent on the query submitted by the user and also on the examining the base data.

HYBRID OLAP is a mode of storage that uses a combination of multidimensional DATA structures and relational database tables for storing multidimensional data. The analysis services stores the aggregations for a HOLAP PARTITION in a multidimensional structure and the facts are stored in relational database.

Hybrid OLAP is a mode of storage that uses a combination of multidimensional data structures and relational database tables for storing multidimensional data. The analysis services stores the aggregations for a HOLAP partition in a multidimensional structure and the facts are stored in relational database.

ETL can extract, transform using various transformations that are available in the tool, and AGGREGATE the data. The OUTPUT can be used as an input for OLAP tool. ETL is the initial PART of data warehousing. For generating cross tab report from the source tables, data warehouse takes very long time span. For efficiency, these tables are transformed into cubes and persisted in OLAP server. The analysis that is performed on the cubes is provided with pre-aggregated values. Hence, report generation will be much FASTER.

OLAP supports online reports after performing certain join operations and creating some cubes. OLAP CONSISTS of various applications for score carding, reporting, dashboards, consolidation, planning, analysis, master data management, workspace and foundation.

ETL can extract, transform using various transformations that are available in the tool, and aggregate the data. The output can be used as an input for OLAP tool. ETL is the initial part of data warehousing. For generating cross tab report from the source tables, data warehouse takes very long time span. For efficiency, these tables are transformed into cubes and persisted in OLAP server. The analysis that is performed on the cubes is provided with pre-aggregated values. Hence, report generation will be much faster.

OLAP supports online reports after performing certain join operations and creating some cubes. OLAP consists of various applications for score carding, reporting, dashboards, consolidation, planning, analysis, master data management, workspace and foundation.

Process improvement focuses on improving an organization’s processes to achieve results more efficiently. The emphasis is not on “what to build” but on “how to build”. It reduces inefficiencies in processes to achieve same objectives with better utilization of resources. Process improvement highlights the following:

Define ORGANIZATIONAL goals
Identify organization’s CLIENTS

ALIGN processes to realize organizational goals in order to satisfy the clients.
All this LEADS to creation of a more efficient PRODUCT to satisfy the clients better. Process improvement leads to product improvement as it removes inefficiencies from various processes to build a better quality product and in a more efficient manner.

Process improvement focuses on improving an organization’s processes to achieve results more efficiently. The emphasis is not on “what to build” but on “how to build”. It reduces inefficiencies in processes to achieve same objectives with better utilization of resources. Process improvement highlights the following:

Define organizational goals
Identify organization’s clients

Align processes to realize organizational goals in order to satisfy the clients.
All this leads to creation of a more efficient product to satisfy the clients better. Process improvement leads to product improvement as it removes inefficiencies from various processes to build a better quality product and in a more efficient manner.

DSS, Decision Support System, as the name suggests, HELPS in taking decisions for top executive professionals. Data accessing, time-series data manipulation of an enterprise’s internal / some times external data is emphasized by DSS. The manipulation is DONE by tailor made tools that are task specific and operators and general tools for providing additional functionality.

OLAP, Online Analysis Processing, is capable of providing highest level of functionality and support for decision which is linked for analyzing large collections of historical data. The functionality of an OLAP tool is purely based on the existing / current data.

Software is a result of understanding the need of the client, and then building something which meets the client’s OBJECTIVES. In area of software, the requirements change very frequently and thus processes need to be in place to manage various activities which would result in the production since the very beginning. Processes allow for planning, MANAGING, operating, implementing, and monitoring tasks EFFICIENTLY.

DSS, Decision Support System, as the name suggests, helps in taking decisions for top executive professionals. Data accessing, time-series data manipulation of an enterprise’s internal / some times external data is emphasized by DSS. The manipulation is done by tailor made tools that are task specific and operators and general tools for providing additional functionality.

OLAP, Online Analysis Processing, is capable of providing highest level of functionality and support for decision which is linked for analyzing large collections of historical data. The functionality of an OLAP tool is purely based on the existing / current data.

Software is a result of understanding the need of the client, and then building something which meets the client’s objectives. In area of software, the requirements change very frequently and thus processes need to be in place to manage various activities which would result in the production since the very beginning. Processes allow for planning, managing, operating, implementing, and monitoring tasks efficiently.