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Memory Management is the process of controlling and coordinating computer’s main memory and assigning memory block (space) to various running programs to optimize overall computer performance. The Memory management involves the allocation of specific memory blocks to individual programs based on user demands. At the application level, memory management ensures the availability of adequate memory for each running program at all times.

The objective of Memory Management process is to improve both the utilization of the CPU and the speed of the computer’s response to its users via main memory. For these reasons the computers must keep several programs in main memory that associates with many different Memory Management schemes. The Operating System is responsible for the following activities in connection with memory management:

• Keeping track of which portion of memory are currently being used and who is using them.
• Determining which processes (or parts of processes) and data to move in and out of memory.
• Allocation and de-allocation of memory blocks as needed by the program in main memory. (Garbage Collection)

(a) JELLY BEAN

Linux is a family of open-source operating systems. It can be modified and distributed by anyone around the world. This is different from proprietary software like Windows, which can only be modified by the company that owns it. The main advantage of Linux operating system is that it is open source. There are many versions and their updates. Most of the servers run on Linux because it is easy to customize. 

There are a few different distributions of Linux, like Ubuntu, Mint, Fedora, RedHat, Debian, Google’s Android, Chrome OS, and Chromium OS which are popular among users. 

The Linux operating system was originated in 1991, as a project of “Linus Torvalds” from a university student of Finland. He posted information about his project on a news group for computer students and programmers. He received support and assistance from a large pool of volunteers who succeeded in creating a complete and functional Operating System. Linux is similar to the UNIX operating system. 

Linux distributions: 

Linux mint, Fedora, Ubuntu, BOSS, Redhat.

This feature takes care of the data and application that are stored and processed on multiple physical locations across the world over the digital network (internet/intranet).

The Distributed Operating System is used to access shared data and files that reside in any machine around the world. The user can handle the data from different locations. The users can access as if it is available on their own computer.

The advantages of distributed Operating System are as follows: 

1. A user at one location can make use of all the resources available at another location over the network. 

2. Many computer resources can be added easily in the network 

3. Improves the interaction with the customers and clients. 

4. Reduces the load on the host computer.

An Operating System (OS) is a system software which serves as an interface between a user and a computer.

Correct answer is (a) Software

In earlier day’s user had to design the application to die internal structure of the hardware.

Operating system was needed to enable the user to design the application without the knowledge of the computer’s internal structure and hardware system. 

Nowadays, user needs an interface to interact with the computer and controls the execution of all kinds of programs without knowing the intemals-of the hardware. 

Usage of Operating system:

1. Easy interaction between the human and computer. 

2. Starting computer operation automatically when power is turned on. 

3. Loading and scheduling users program. 

4. Controlling input and output devices. 

5. Managing use of main memory. 

6. Providing security to users program.

Correct answer is (a) Windows

Allocation and de-allocation of memory blocks as needed by the program in main memory is called Garbage collection.

A computer consists of a collection of processes, they are classified as two categories: 

1. Operating System processes which is executed by system code 

2. User Processes which is execute by user code

Correct answer is(d) all the above

Mobile devices such as phones, tablets and MP3 players are different from desktop and laptop computers and hence they need special Operating Systems. Examples of mobile Operating Systems are Apple iOS and Google Android. Operating systems for mobile devices generally are not as fully featured as those made for desktop and laptop computers and they are not able to run all software.

Android:

It is a mobile operating system developed by Google, based on Linux and designed primarily for touch screen mobile devices such as smart phones and tablets. Google has further developed Android TV for televisions, Android Auto for cars and Android Wear for wrist watches, each with a specialized PCs and other electronic gadgets.

Advantages:

1. Provides the advantage of quick response. 

2. Avoids duplication of software 

3. Reduces CPU idle time. 

Disadvantages:

1. Problem of data communication and security. 

2. Problem of reliability.

Correct answer is (c) MS-Word

A process needs certain resources including CPU time, memory, files and I/O devices to finish its task.

Correct answer is (a) 2

Prominent OS are as follows: 

1. UNIX 

2. Microsoft Windows 

3. Linux 

4. iOS 

5. Android

Application software is a set of programs to perform specific task. For example MS-Word is an application software to create text document and VLC player is familiar application software to play audio, video files and many more.

Correct answer is (a) Windows

Software is classified into two types: 

1. Application Software 

2. System Software.

UNIX is a family of multitasking, multi-user operating systems that derive originally from AT&T Bell Labs, where the development began in the 1970s by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie.

(a) single user operating system

The Operating Systems should be robust. When there is a fault, the Operating System should not crash, instead the Operating System have fault tolerance capabilities and retain the existing state of system.

A software is set of instructions that perform specific task. It interacts basically with the hardware to generate the desired output.

iOS (formerly iPhone OS) is a mobile Operating System created and developed by Apple Inc., exclusively for its hardware. It is the Operating System that presently powers many of the company’s mobile devices, including the iPhone, iPad and iPod Touch. It is the second most popular mobile Operating System globally after Android.

The Round Robin (RR) scheduling algorithm is designed especially for time sharing systems. Jobs (processes) are assigned and processor time in a circular method. For example take three jobs A, B, C. First the job A is assigned to CPU then job B and job C and then again A, B and C and so on.

(d) All the above

Correct answer is (d) Error

Correct answer is (d) three

(a) First In First Out

There are 6 types of indicators in the Menu bar.

Delete option is present in File menu

Left panel of disk drive window, the files and folders are displayed in tree like structures.

1. Ubuntu has less hardware support for commercial / industrial / medical/ logistical therefore its less votted for use in big time backends.

2. Ubuntu doesn’t support middlewares such as C panel, cloud linux and a plethora of other infrastructure or monitoring tools.

3. Hard to install graphic drivers especially for old hardwares. It is not possible to play the modern games, because of poor graphics quality.

4. The user switching from windows will not like the user experience on Ubuntu and will have difficulty in operating the OS.

5. Ubuntu is not capable of playing MP3 files by default.

Difference between Thunderbird and Firefox in Ubuntu:

1. Thunderbird is inbuilt email software of ubuntu whereas Firefox is a web browser.

2. Thunderbird is used to access email such as Gmail, hotmail whereas Firefox is used to open web pages including e-mail.

It is an in – built word processor application in windows OS to create and manipulate text windows.

It is a container of files.

It is a browser.

Using the FILE Menu 

1. Select the File or Folder you wish to Rename.

2. Click File → Rename.

3. Type in the new name.

4. To finalise the renaming operation, press Enter

(a) Slower Job First

Correct answer is (a) Apple Inc

Correct answer is (c) Round Robin

Advantages:

1. It’s cheaper.

2. It is high quality. 

3. Open source operating system is very reliable. 

4. Help us become more flexible. 

5. Creativity.

Disadvantages: 

1. Vulnerable to malicious users. 

2. It is not always user-friendly. 

3. Personalized support is rarely available.

4. institutional and organizational procurement process affecting the decision making process.

The objective of Memory Management process is to improve both the utilization of the CPU and the speed of the computer’s response to its users via main memory. For these reasons the computers must keep several programs in main memory that associates with many different Memory Management schemes.

The key features of the operating system are:

1. User Interface 

2. Memory Management 

3. Process Management 

4. Security Management 

5. Fault Tolerance 

6. File Management.

Correct answer is (a) Memory

This is a one of the features of Operating System. It has two or more processors for a single running process (job). Processing takes place in parallel is known as parallel processing. Each processor works on different parts of the same task or on two or more different tasks.

Multi-user operating system is used in computers and laptops that allow same data and applications to be accessed by multiple users at the same time. The users can also communicate with each other. 

Eg: Windows, Linux and UNIX.

The Operating System provides three levels of securities to the user end. 

They are :

1. File access level 

2. System level 

3. Network level.