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The main products is methyl chloride (CH₃Cl), (CH₂Cl₂ ) dichloro methane; (CHCl₃ ) trichloro methane, (CCl₄) and tetra chloromethane.

catenation

The large number of organic compounds is due to of carbon catenation.

The Carbon and Hydrogen present in the Organic compound is detected by heating the compound with Copper II oxide in a hard glass tube when carbon present in the compound is oxidized to CO₂ which can be tested with lime Water and Hydrogen is converted to water which can be tested with anhydrous copper sulphate which turns blue. 

 C + CuO ------>  2Cu + CO₂ 

 2 H +CuO --------> Cu + H₂O 

 CO₂ +Ca (OH )₂ -------> CaCO₃ + H₂O 

 5H₂O + CuSO₄ --------> CuSO₄.5H₂O

Paper chromatography is based on the difference in the rates at which the components of a mixture are adsorbed. The material on which different components are adsorbed is called Stationary phase which is generally made up of alumina, silica gel or activated charcoal. The mixture to be separated is dissolved in a suitable medium and it is called moving phase. The moving phase is run on the Stationary phase, the different compounds are adsorbed on stationary phase at different rates and separated by differential adsorption method.

The alkenes having six to seventeen carbon atoms are in liquid state at normal temperature. 

No, CCl₄ being covalent compound does not give white ppt.of AgCl on heating with AgNO₃.

(d) phosphorous

(c) Ammonium molybdate test

CO₂ is acidic reacts with strong base KOH to form K₂CO₃ 

2KOH +CO₂ -----> K₂CO₃ + H₂O 

(d) Canary yellow colour

(c) Conc. H₂SO₄

(b) KOH

KOH will absorb CO₂.

Weight of organic substance (w) = 0.2346 g

Weight of water (x) = 0.2754 g

Weight of CO₂ (y) = 0.4488 g

Percentage of carbon = \(\frac{12}{44}\) x \(\frac{y}{w}\) x 100

= \(\frac{12}{44}\) - \(\frac{0.4488}{0.2346}\) x 100 = 52.17%

Percentage of hydrogen = \(\frac{2}{18}\) x \(\frac{y}{w}\)x 100

= \(\frac{2}{18}\) x \(\frac{0.2754}{0.2346}\) x 100 = 13.04%

Percentage of oxygen = [100-(52.17+13.04)] = 100 - 65.21 = 34.79%

Weight of organic compound = 0.26 g

Weight of water = 0.039 g

Weight of CO₂ = 0.245 g

Percentage of hydrogen:

18 g of water contains 2 g of hydrogen

0.039 g of water contains = \(\frac{2}{18}\) x \(\frac{0.039}{0.26}\) of H

% of hydrogen = \(\frac{0.039}{0.26}\) x \(\frac{2}{18}\) x 100 = 1.66%

Percentage of carbon:

44 g of CO₂ contains 12 g of C

0.245 g of CO₂ contains = \(\frac{12}{44}\) x \(\frac{0.245}{0.26}\) g of C

% of Carbon = \(\frac{12}{44}\) x \(\frac{0.245}{0.26}\) x 100 = 25.69%

 Uses of ethylene : 

(i) It is used in the manufacture of polyethylene which is a valuable plastic. 

(ii) It is used in the artificial ripening of fruits. 

Uses of acetylene: 

(i) It is used in oxyacetylene flame which is used for cutting and welding of metals. 

(ii) It is used in the manufacture of acetaldehyde, acetic acid etc.

Weight of organic compound = 0.30 g

Weight of carbon-dioxide = 0.88 g

Weight of water = 0.54 g

Percentage of hydrogen:

18 g of water contains 2 g of hydrogen

0.54 g of water contain = \(\frac{2}{18}\) x 0.54 g of hydrogen

% of hydrogen = \(\frac{2}{18}\) x \(\frac{0.54}{0.30}\) x 100 = \(\frac{2}{18}\) x \(\frac{54}{0.3}\)

% of H = 0.111 x 180 = 19.888 ≈ 20%

Percentage of carbon:

44 g of CO₂ contains 12 g of carbon

0.88 g of CO₂ contains = \(\frac{12}{44}\) x 0.88 g of carbon

% of carbon = \(\frac{12}{44}\) x \(\frac{0.88}{0.30}\) x 100 = \(\frac{12}{44}\) x \(\frac{88}{0.3}\) = \(\frac{24}{0.3}\)

% of carbon = 80 % .

(a) Sufficient air: When methane burns insufficient air, then carbon dioxide and water vapors are formed.

CH₄ + 2O₂ → CO₂ + 2H₂O

(b) Insufficient air: When methane burns in insufficient air, then carbon monoxide and water is formed.

2CH₄ + 3O₂ →2CO + 4H₂O

 Uses of ethane: 

(i) Liquified ethane is used as a fuel in automobiles. 

(ii) It is used in the manufacture of organic compounds such as acetic acid, ethyl alcohol etc. 

Uses of Methane: 

(i) It is used on industrial scale for the preparation of hydrogen by the process of pyrolysis, 

(ii) It is used in the manufacture of industrial compounds such as carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, formic acid etc.

(a) Methane: 

Three uses of methane are:

(i) Methane is a source of carbon monoxide and hydrogen

(ii) It is used in the preparation of ethyne, methanal, chloromethane, carbon tetrachloride.

(iii) It is employed as a domestic fuel.

(b) Ethane:

Three uses of ethane are:

(i) It is used in the preparation of ethane, ethanol, and ethanol.

(ii) It forms ethyl chloride, which is used to make tetraethyllead.

(iii) It is also a good fuel.

Carbon monoxide is a highly poisonous gas. It readily combines with haemoglobin of blood to form carboxy haemoglobin. Carboxy haemoglobin is a stable compound and is incapable of taking up the oxygen from the inhaled air and as a result, people die due to suffocation. 

The alkenes having eighteen or more carbon atoms are in solid state at normal temperature.

Addition Reaction.

 Substitution Reaction. 

(i) sp²

(ii) sp

(a) In H₂C=O, C is sp² hybridised, hence formaldehyde is trigonal planar.

(b) In CH₃F, C is sp³ hyybridised, hence methyl fomaldehyde is tetrahedral.

(c) In HC≡N, C is sp hybridised, hence HCN is a linear molecule.

The magnitude of inductive effect decreases with distance and hence the effect is least in C₂-C₃ bond.

(i) Physical properties: The alkyl group determines the physical properties.

(ii) Chemical properties: The functional group is responsible for the chemical properties.

(b) 1,3-dimethylcyclopentane

The compound is an unsaturarted hydrocarbon having general formula C_nH_2n . So, this compound is an alkene. 

The general formula for noncyclic alkenes is C_nH_2n

The number of alkane family represents the general formula C_nH_2n+2 . In this formula: n = number of carbon atoms in the same molecule of alkane. 2n + 2 = number of H-atoms in a molecule of alkane.

 CH₄ (methane), C₂H₆ (ethane), C₃H₈ (propane), C₄H₁₀ (butane). 

(C)  Methyl-4-cyano-3-methoxy butanoate

(D)  3-carbamoyl pent-3-en-1-oic acid

(D)  (a)-(t), (b)-(s), (c)-(p), (d)-(r)

(C)  (P)-(Y), (Q)-(X), (R)-(Z), (S)-(W)

(D)  sp, sp² and sp³ hybridized carbon atoms

(B)  (1)(s), (2)(r), (3)(u)

Correct option (A)

(C)   (2), (4), (5), (6)

1.  Ethyne

2.  Ethane

They can undergo addition and substitution reactions. Alkenes do not undergo substitution reaction.

The reddish brown colour of bromine solution gets decolourised. 

 Bromine solution gets decolourised.

The presence of phosphoric acid Ethanol,

(a) Aluminium carbide 

(b) Calcium carbide. 

Ethanol affects that part of the brain which controls our muscular movements and then gives temporary relief from tiredness. But it damages the liver and kidney too.

(a) The melting and boiling point of the successive members of the homologous series of alcohols increase with the increase in molecular mass.

(b) When ethanol reacts with acetic acid ethyl acetate is formed.

C₂H₅OH + CH₃COOH + Conc.H₂SO₄ →CH₃COOC₂H₅ + H₂O

(c) This reaction is known as an esterification reaction.