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Rabies, HSV, VZV, tick-borne encephalitis, Japanese B encephalitis, eastern and western equine encephalitis, MUMPS, POLIOVIRUS, coxsackie VIRUS, echovirus

Rabies, HSV, VZV, tick-borne encephalitis, Japanese B encephalitis, eastern and western equine encephalitis, mumps, poliovirus, coxsackie virus, echovirus

VIRUSES: HSV-1, HSV-2, VZV, CMV, EBV, HHV-8, HPV

Protozoa: Toxoplasma gondii, Pneumocystis jiroveci

Bacteria: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, ATYPICAL Mycobacteria, Salmonella septicaemia

Fungi: Candida, CRYPTOCOCCUS neoformans

Viruses: HSV-1, HSV-2, VZV, CMV, EBV, HHV-8, HPV

Protozoa: Toxoplasma gondii, Pneumocystis jiroveci

Bacteria: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, atypical Mycobacteria, Salmonella septicaemia

Fungi: Candida, Cryptococcus neoformans

JUNGLE yellow fever: reservoir: MONKEYS; vector: Haemagogus mosquitoes; HUMANS: ACCIDENTAL hosts Urban yellow fever: reservoirs: humans; vectors : AEDES aegypti mosquitoes

Jungle yellow fever: reservoir: monkeys; vector: Haemagogus mosquitoes; humans: accidental hosts Urban yellow fever: reservoirs: humans; vectors : Aedes aegypti mosquitoes

ARBOVIRUS: arthropode vector (arthropode-borne);

Flaviviridae – yellow FEVER, Dengue-fever; BUNYAVIRIDAE – Rift-valley fever, Crimean- CONGO hemorrhagic fever; etc.

Arbovirus: arthropode vector (arthropode-borne);

Flaviviridae – yellow fever, Dengue-fever; Bunyaviridae – Rift-valley fever, Crimean- Congo hemorrhagic fever; etc.

ROBOVIRUS: RODENT reservoir (rodent-borne)

Arenaviridae – Lassa, Junin, Machupo, LCM VIRUS; BUNYAVIRIDAE – Hantaan virus,

Puumala virus, Sin Nombre virus; Filoviridae – Marburg, Ebola virus

Robovirus: rodent reservoir (rodent-borne)

Arenaviridae – Lassa, Junin, Machupo, LCM virus; Bunyaviridae – Hantaan virus,

Puumala virus, Sin Nombre virus; Filoviridae – Marburg, Ebola virus

Combination of two nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (2 NRTI) with EITHER an nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) or a PROTEASE inhibitor (PI) or an integrase inhibitor (II) 2 NRTI + NNRTI / PI / II

Combination of two nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (2 NRTI) with either an nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) or a protease inhibitor (PI) or an integrase inhibitor (II) 2 NRTI + NNRTI / PI / II

AZIDOTHYMIDINE (zidovudine), abacavir, LAMIVUDINE, emtricitabine, tenofovir, dideoxyinosine (didanosine), DIDEOXYCYTIDINE (zalcitabine), STAVUDINE

Azidothymidine (zidovudine), abacavir, lamivudine, emtricitabine, tenofovir, dideoxyinosine (didanosine), dideoxycytidine (zalcitabine), stavudine

KURU, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome, fatal FAMILIAL insomnia

Kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome, fatal familial insomnia

Congenital malformations involving the HEART (patent ductus arteriosus, septum DEFECTS), the eyes (cataract, GLAUCOMA) and the BRAIN (deafness, mental retardation).

Congenital malformations involving the heart (patent ductus arteriosus, septum defects), the eyes (cataract, glaucoma) and the brain (deafness, mental retardation).

RSV, INFLUENZA virus A and B, PARAINFLUENZA virus, ADENOVIRUS, CORONAVIRUS (SARS),metapneumovirus

RSV, influenza virus A and B, parainfluenza virus, adenovirus, coronavirus (SARS),metapneumovirus

Pharyngitis, pharyngoconjunctival fever, acute respiratory DISEASE, BRONCHITIS, atypical PNEUMONIA, HEMORRHAGIC cystitis, GASTROINTESTINAL infection

Pharyngitis, pharyngoconjunctival fever, acute respiratory disease, bronchitis, atypical pneumonia, hemorrhagic cystitis, gastrointestinal infection

HBV, HCV, HDV, (HEV)

HBV, HCV, HDV, (HEV)

ACTIVE immunization: recombinant HBSAG vaccine

Passive immunization: HBIG (hepatitis B IMMUNE globulin)

Active immunization: recombinant HBsAg vaccine

Passive immunization: HBIG (hepatitis B immune globulin)

SEXUAL contact; perinatally from mother to NEWBORN; by BLOOD or blood products

Sexual contact; perinatally from mother to newborn; by blood or blood products

Febrile RASHES, HERPANGINA, myocarditis, PERICARDITIS, MENINGITIS, pleurodynia, handfoot- and-mouth disease

Febrile rashes, herpangina, myocarditis, pericarditis, meningitis, pleurodynia, handfoot- and-mouth disease

Oropharynx and gastrointestinal tract DAMAGE in MOTOR neurons in the anterior HORN of the spinal cord + BRAIN STEM

Oropharynx and gastrointestinal tract damage in motor neurons in the anterior horn of the spinal cord + brain stem

Active immunization – human diploid CELL VACCINE (killed virus) and PASSIVE immunization – RABIES immune globulin

Active immunization – human diploid cell vaccine (killed virus) and passive immunization – rabies immune globulin

By the BITE of a RABID ANIMAL, (rarely by infectious aerosol) spread of the virus in the HOST – ALONG the axons

By the bite of a rabid animal, (rarely by infectious aerosol) spread of the virus in the host – along the axons

Accumulation of point MUTATIONS in the hemagglutinin and NEURAMINIDASE GENES of INFLUENZA viruses

Accumulation of point mutations in the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes of influenza viruses

Paul-Bunnel TEST – in mononucleosis caused by EBV, the SERUM of the PATIENT AGGLUTINATES sheep red blood CELLS

Paul-Bunnel test – in mononucleosis caused by EBV, the serum of the patient agglutinates sheep red blood cells

MONONUCLEOSIS infectiosa (heterophile-antibody NEGATIVE)

Mononucleosis infectiosa (heterophile-antibody negative)

Cytomegalic INCLUSION DISEASE – SPONTANEOUS abortion, CNS DAMAGE (deafness, blindness, mental retardation), hepatosplenomegaly, jaundice

Cytomegalic inclusion disease – spontaneous abortion, CNS damage (deafness, blindness, mental retardation), hepatosplenomegaly, jaundice

HERPES ZOSTER (SHINGLES)

Herpes zoster (shingles)

Sensory GANGLION cells (TRIGEMINAL or SACRAL GANGLIA)

Sensory ganglion cells (trigeminal or sacral ganglia)

These viruses ENCODE their own thymidine kinase ENZYMES, which are needed for activation (phosphorylation) of the DRUG. Cellular thymidine kinase does not ACTIVATE the drug.

These viruses encode their own thymidine kinase enzymes, which are needed for activation (phosphorylation) of the drug. Cellular thymidine kinase does not activate the drug.

ALPHA HERPESVIRUSES – HSV1, HSV2, VZV; INHIBITOR of VIRAL DNA polymerase and DNA chain TERMINATOR

Alpha herpesviruses – HSV1, HSV2, VZV; inhibitor of viral DNA polymerase and DNA chain terminator

Disseminated INFECTIONS, ENCEPHALITIS, SKIN, EYE, MOUTH infections

Disseminated infections, encephalitis, skin, eye, mouth infections

Hepadnaviridae – HBV

Hepadnaviridae – HBV

Reoviridae

Reoviridae

Orthomyxoviridae, Paramyxoviridae, RHABDOVIRIDAE, ETC.

Orthomyxoviridae, Paramyxoviridae, Rhabdoviridae, etc.

Picornaviridae, Caliciviridae, Reoviridae

Picornaviridae, Caliciviridae, Reoviridae

Herpesviridae, Hepadnaviridae, Poxviridae

Herpesviridae, Hepadnaviridae, Poxviridae

Parvoviridae, Papillomaviridae, Adenoviridae

Parvoviridae, Papillomaviridae, Adenoviridae

Yes, the eggs BECOME INFECTIOUS in a few hours, and ab ano AD os AUTOINFECTION may occur (especially in children)

Yes, the eggs become infectious in a few hours, and ab ano ad os autoinfection may occur (especially in children)

YES, ESPECIALLY in IMMUNOSUPPRESSION (for EXAMPLE: AIDS)

Yes, especially in immunosuppression (for example: AIDS)

No, the EGGS must MATURE in the soil for SEVERAL days to become INFECTIOUS (embryonated)

No, the eggs must mature in the soil for several days to become infectious (embryonated)

Embryonated EGG

Embryonated egg

FILARIFORM LARVA

Filariform larva

DEFINITIVE host: HUMAN

INTERMEDIATE host: SWINE (pig)

Definitive host: human

Intermediate host: swine (pig)

DEFINITIVE HOST: HUMAN

INTERMEDIATE host: CATTLE

Definitive host: human

Intermediate host: cattle

• SCHISTOSOMA
• ANCYLOSTOMA DUODENALE
• Necator americanus
• Strongyloides stercoralis

HUMAN CYSTICERCOSIS (encysted larvae in brain, EYES, ETC.)

Human cysticercosis (encysted larvae in brain, eyes, etc.)

By EATING aquatic vegetation CONTAINING encysted larvae (Rarely: by eating RAW SHEEP liver containing adult worms)

By eating aquatic vegetation containing encysted larvae (Rarely: by eating raw sheep liver containing adult worms)

• WUCHERERIA bancrofti
• LOA loa
• Onchocerca VOLVULUS
• DRACUNCULUS medinensis

Demonstration of eggs (OVA) recovered from perianal skin (SCOTCH tape TECHNIQUE). Not from feces!

Demonstration of eggs (ova) recovered from perianal skin (Scotch tape technique). Not from feces!

• ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES
• ANCYLOSTOMA DUODENALE
• Necator americanus
• Strongyloides stercoralis

DEMONSTRATION of characteristic proglottids and EGGS (OVA) in faeces.

Demonstration of characteristic proglottids and eggs (ova) in faeces.

Direct DEMONSTRATION of PROTOZOA in wet MOUNT or stained smear of clinical specimens (vaginal, URETHRAL or prostatic SECRETIONS).

Direct demonstration of protozoa in wet mount or stained smear of clinical specimens (vaginal, urethral or prostatic secretions).

MICROSCOPIC DEMONSTRATION of E. histolytica cysts and trophozoites from FECES

Microscopic demonstration of E. histolytica cysts and trophozoites from feces

Giemsa-stained blood smears. THICK smear is USED to screen for the AGENT, THIN smear is used to identify the species.

Giemsa-stained blood smears. Thick smear is used to screen for the agent, thin smear is used to identify the species.