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Plasmodium VIVAX, P. OVALE, P. malariae, P. FALCIPARUM

Plasmodium vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae, P. falciparum

• TOXOPLASMA gondii
• PLASMODIUM SPECIES

• Eating undercooked meat containing tissue cysts,
• Contact with cat FECES containing oocysts
• Transplacental TRANSMISSION

CRYPTOCOCCUS neoformans

Cryptococcus neoformans

RESPIRATORY TRACT(INHALATION)

Respiratory tract(Inhalation)

Aspergillus BALL (in preformed cavities)

Invasive ASPERGILLOSIS (in IMMUNOSUPPRESSION)

ALLERGIC BRONCHOPULMONARY aspergillosis

Aspergillus ball (in preformed cavities)

Invasive aspergillosis (in immunosuppression)

Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis

CANDIDA albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, ASPERGILLUS fumigatus, MUCOR spp., RHIZOPUS spp.

Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, Aspergillus fumigatus, Mucor spp., Rhizopus spp.

COCCIDIOIDES immitis, HISTOPLASMA capsulatum, Blastomyces dermatitidis, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis

Coccidioides immitis, Histoplasma capsulatum, Blastomyces dermatitidis, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis

The same species is CAPABLE of existing in two morphological FORMS (yeast or mold), depending on enviromental CONDITIONS (temperature, nutrients)

The same species is capable of existing in two morphological forms (yeast or mold), depending on enviromental conditions (temperature, nutrients)

TREPONEMA pallidum, NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE, Haemophilus ducreyi, Chlamydia trachomatis, (Calymmatobacterium granulomatis)

Treponema pallidum, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Haemophilus ducreyi, Chlamydia trachomatis, (Calymmatobacterium granulomatis)

Because of the ABSENCE of a CELL wall, penicillins are ineffective (penicillins inhibit cell wall synthesis)

Because of the absence of a cell wall, penicillins are ineffective (penicillins inhibit cell wall synthesis)

TYPES A, B and C: TRACHOMA (chronic CONJUNCTIVITIS)

Types D-K: genital TRACT infections (NGU, PID), inclusion conjunctivitis

Types L1-L3: lymphogranuloma venereum (STD)

Types A, B and C: trachoma (chronic conjunctivitis)

Types D-K: genital tract infections (NGU, PID), inclusion conjunctivitis

Types L1-L3: lymphogranuloma venereum (STD)

These are OBLIGATE intracellular bacteria, can be CULTURED in experimental ANIMALS, embryonated eggs, and CELL culture

These are obligate intracellular bacteria, can be cultured in experimental animals, embryonated eggs, and cell culture

RICKETTSIA typhi

Rickettsia typhi

RICKETTSIA prowazekii

Rickettsia prowazekii

Louse-borne EPIDEMIC TYPHUS

RECURRENT FORM: Brill-Zinsser DISEASE

Louse-borne epidemic typhus

Recurrent form: Brill-Zinsser disease

• CHLAMYDIA PNEUMONIAE
• Chlamydia psittaci
• Coxiella burnetii
• MYCOPLASMA pneumoniae
• LEGIONELLA pneumophila

Arthritis, cardiac manifestations (myocarditis, pericarditis) and NEUROLOGICAL involvement (MENINGITIS, PERIPHERAL neuropathies)

Arthritis, cardiac manifestations (myocarditis, pericarditis) and neurological involvement (meningitis, peripheral neuropathies)

SPECIFIC (treponemal) tests such as FTA-ABS are more specific, but they cannot be used to follow the EFFICACY of TREATMENT (because the specific antibodies persist even after effective ERADICATION of bacteria)

Specific (treponemal) tests such as FTA-ABS are more specific, but they cannot be used to follow the efficacy of treatment (because the specific antibodies persist even after effective eradication of bacteria)

Reagin (nonspecific ANTIBODY) – RPR, VDRL (flocculation TESTS)

IMMOBILISING (specific antibody) – TPHA (T. pallidum hemagglutination),

FTA-ABS (fluorescent treponemal assay – with antibody ABSORPTION), TPI (T. pallidum immobilisation test)

Reagin (nonspecific antibody) – RPR, VDRL (flocculation tests)

Immobilising (specific antibody) – TPHA (T. pallidum hemagglutination),

FTA-ABS (fluorescent treponemal assay – with antibody absorption), TPI (T. pallidum immobilisation test)

PRIMARY syphilis: nontender ulcer (hard chancre)

Secondary lesions: maculopapular rash on SKIN, and condylomata lata on mucous membranes

Tertiary stage: granulomas (gummas), central nervous SYSTEM involvement (TABES dorsalis, paralysis progressiva), cardiovascular lesions (aortitis, aortic aneurysm)

Primary syphilis: nontender ulcer (hard chancre)

Secondary lesions: maculopapular rash on skin, and condylomata lata on mucous membranes

Tertiary stage: granulomas (gummas), central nervous system involvement (tabes dorsalis, paralysis progressiva), cardiovascular lesions (aortitis, aortic aneurysm)

NEISSERIA meningitidis, HAEMOPHILUS influenzae, STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE

Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae

Gram positive aerobic: Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Bacillus, Corynebacterium

Gram positive anaerobic: Clostridium, ACTINOMYCES, PROPIONIBACTERIUM, Lactobacillus

Gram positive aerobic: Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Bacillus, Corynebacterium

Gram positive anaerobic: Clostridium, Actinomyces, Propionibacterium, Lactobacillus

AEROBIC: STAPHYLOCOCCUS epidermidis

ANAEROBIC: PROPIONIBACTERIUM ACNES

Aerobic: Staphylococcus epidermidis

Anaerobic: Propionibacterium acnes

It CAUSES TB, ESPECIALLY in immunosuppressed PATIENTS (such as AIDS patients).

It causes TB, especially in immunosuppressed patients (such as AIDS patients).

ACTIVATED MACROPHAGES

Activated macrophages

To PREVENT the OVERGROWTH of DRUG-resistant mutants during the long treatment period (if bacteria resistant to one drug emerge, they are most probably INHIBITED by the other DRUGS).

To prevent the overgrowth of drug-resistant mutants during the long treatment period (if bacteria resistant to one drug emerge, they are most probably inhibited by the other drugs).

It can be DIFFERENTIATED in CHRONIC diseases. PREVALENCE: total number of diseases (per 100,000 people). Incidence: number of new CASES in a year (per 100,000 people).

It can be differentiated in chronic diseases. Prevalence: total number of diseases (per 100,000 people). Incidence: number of new cases in a year (per 100,000 people).

• Faecal-oral
• Direct contact (such as sexual)
• Fomites (INANIMATE OBJECTS)
• BLOOD
• VECTORS (blood-sucking arthropods)

The normal HOST of a PATHOGEN (human or animal) serving as a continuous source of INFECTION to other HOSTS (such as humans). Salmonella typhi – human; Yersinia pestis - rodents.

The normal host of a pathogen (human or animal) serving as a continuous source of infection to other hosts (such as humans). Salmonella typhi – human; Yersinia pestis - rodents.

Tick-borne ENCEPHALITIS; Lyme-disease; TULAREMIA; Rocky-Mountain SPOTTED FEVER; ETC.

Tick-borne encephalitis; Lyme-disease; tularemia; Rocky-Mountain spotted fever; etc.

Vector is an arthropod that transmits infection from human to human, or from animal to human.

EXAMPLES. Tick – Lyme DISEASE; louse – epidemic typhus; MOSQUITO – MALARIA

Vector is an arthropod that transmits infection from human to human, or from animal to human.

Examples. Tick – Lyme disease; louse – epidemic typhus; mosquito – malaria

COAGULASE, streptokinase (FIBRINOLYSIS), streptodornase (DNase), HYALURONIDASE, IGA protease, COLLAGENASE, elastase, urease.

Coagulase, streptokinase (fibrinolysis), streptodornase (DNase), hyaluronidase, IgA protease, collagenase, elastase, urease.

• CAPSULE: antiphagocytic EFFECT, ADHESION to tissues
• Fimbriae: BINDING to tissues
• Flagellae: spreading the BACTERIA

FEVER, HYPOTENSION, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), COMPLEMENT activation, impaired ORGAN PERFUSION, hypoglycaemia

Fever, hypotension, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), complement activation, impaired organ perfusion, hypoglycaemia

It causes spastic paralysis by blocking the RELEASE of inhibitory neurotransmitters (GLYCINE and GABA) in SYNAPSES

It causes spastic paralysis by blocking the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters (glycine and GABA) in synapses

Inhibition of protein SYNTHESIS in EUKARYOTIC CELLS by ADP-ribosylation of ribosomal EF-2 (ELONGATION factor-2)

Inhibition of protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells by ADP-ribosylation of ribosomal EF-2 (elongation factor-2)

TETANUS TOXIN, BOTULINUM toxin

Tetanus toxin, botulinum toxin

DIPHTHERIA TOXIN, CHOLERA toxin, PERTUSSIS toxin

Diphtheria toxin, cholera toxin, pertussis toxin

Advantages: induce not only SERUM ANTIBODIES but also cellular immunity and local IGA antibodies. Some may be applied orally. Usually fewer doses are NEEDED.

Disadvantages: Attenuated strains may revert to virulent in rare cases. They may cause disease in immunosuppressed patients. Live attenuated microbes are usually heat sensitive and MUST be refrigerated.

Advantages: induce not only serum antibodies but also cellular immunity and local IgA antibodies. Some may be applied orally. Usually fewer doses are needed.

Disadvantages: Attenuated strains may revert to virulent in rare cases. They may cause disease in immunosuppressed patients. Live attenuated microbes are usually heat sensitive and must be refrigerated.

• LIVE, ATTENUATED vaccines
• killed bacterial vaccines
• toxoid vaccines
• subunit vaccines (CAPSULAR POLYSACCHARIDE or purified PROTEIN)

DIPHTHERIA and TETANUS TOXOID

Diphtheria and tetanus toxoid

PREVIOUSLY: killed BACTERIA

CURRENTLY: ACELLULAR VACCINE (toxoid + other purified proteins)

Previously: killed bacteria

Currently: acellular vaccine (toxoid + other purified proteins)

LIVE ATTENUATED MYCOBACTERIUM bovis (BACILLE Calmette-Guerin)

Live attenuated Mycobacterium bovis (Bacille Calmette-Guerin)

CAPSULAR polysaccharide (EITHER alone or CONJUGATED to a carrier protein)

Capsular polysaccharide (either alone or conjugated to a carrier protein)

It means the administration of preformed ANTIBODY (IMMUNE GLOBULINS produced in ANIMALS or humans) to the human body resulting in short-term protection against a specific INFECTIOUS disease.

It means the administration of preformed antibody (immune globulins produced in animals or humans) to the human body resulting in short-term protection against a specific infectious disease.

It MEANS the TRANSFER of microbes or microbial products (VACCINES) to the HUMAN body to induce long-lasting IMMUNITY against a specific infectious disease

It means the transfer of microbes or microbial products (vaccines) to the human body to induce long-lasting immunity against a specific infectious disease

• (CATIONIC) DETERGENTS (quaternary ammonium compounds)
• phenol compounds (cresol, hexachlorophene, chlorhexidine)
• ALCOHOLS (ETHANOL, isopropanol)

Alcohols, PHENOL DERIVATIVES, DETERGENTS, chlorine, iodine, ALDEHYDES

Alcohols, phenol derivatives, detergents, chlorine, iodine, aldehydes

The purpose of disinfection is the KILLING of PATHOGENIC microbes. RESISTANT microbes and SPORES may survive, so disinfection does not the kill all microbes.

The purpose of disinfection is the killing of pathogenic microbes. Resistant microbes and spores may survive, so disinfection does not the kill all microbes.