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measurement error

Difference between theactual valueof aquantityand thevalueobtained by ameasurement. Repeating the measurement willimprove(reduce) therandom error(caused by theaccuracylimit of the measuring instrument) but not thesystemic error(caused by incorrectcalibrationof the measuring instrument).

explain how combination of error vary

The difference between the measured value and the actual value."

If two persons use the same instrument for measurement for finding the same measurement, it is not essential that they may get the same results. There may arises a difference between their measurements. This difference is referred to as an "ERROR".Errors can be divided into three categories:(1) Personal Error(2) Systematic Error(3) Random ErrorPersonal Erro

-An error comes into play because of faulty procedure adopted by by the observer is called "PERSONAL ERROR".Personal error comes into existence due to making an error in reading a scale. It is due to faulty procedure adopted by the person making measurement.

-The type of error arises due to defect in the measuring device is known as "SYSTEMATIC ERROR".Generally it is called "ZERO ERROR". it may be positive or negative error. Systematic error can be removed by correcting measurement device.

-The error produced due to sudden change in experimental conditions is called "RANDOM ERROR".For example:During sudden change in temperature, change in humidity, fluctuation in potential difference(voltage).It is an accidental error and is beyond the control of the person making measurement.

LED is the acronym for “Light Emitting Diode”. LEDs are semiconductor devices that produce light. These were initially used as indicator lights but are now used extensively for indoor, outdoor and decorative lighting.

WorkingPrinciple: A light-emitting diode is a two-lead semiconductor light source. It is a p–n junction diode that emits light when activated. When a suitable voltage is applied to the leads, electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons.

The particular semiconductors used for LED manufacture aregallium arsenide (GaAs),gallium phosphide(GaP), orgallium arsenide phosphide(GaAsP).

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source....

LEDs emit very little heat. In contrast, incandescent bulbs release 90% of their energy as heat, CFLs release about 80% of their energy as heat, according to Energy.gov.

Another LED light benefit is that LEDs, because they emit light in a specific direction, do not need diffusers or reflectors that trap lights. This helps increase LED efficiency for uses such as downlights (recessed downlights are common in residential kitchens, hallways and bathrooms) or task lighting.

Working Principle: A light-emitting diode is a two-lead semiconductor light source. It is a p–n junction diode that emits light when activated. When a suitable voltage is applied to the leads, electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons.

LED technology: how a LED works The LED is a specialised form of PN junction that uses a compound junction. ... The light emitting diode emits light when it is forward biased. When a voltage is applied across the junction to make it forward biased, current flows as in the case of any PN junction.

working Principle: Alight-emitting diode is a two-lead semiconductorlightsource. It is a p–n junction diode that emitslightwhen activated. When a suitable voltage is applied to the leads, electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons.

Is it correct

The error introduced by an instrument fall in systematic errors category.

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length of cylinder , l = (4.00 ± 0.001) cm

radius of base of cylinder , r = (0.025 ± 0.001) cm

mass of cylinder, m = (6.25 ± 0.01) gm

we know, density , d = m/v

and volume of cylinder , v = πr²l

so, density , d = m/(πr²l)

then fractional error can be written as,

∆d/d = ∆m/m + 2 × ∆r/r + ∆l/l

given, ∆m = 0.01g , m = 6.25 g , ∆r = 0.001, r = 0.025 , ∆l = 0.001 and l = 4.00

so, ∆d/d = (0.01)/(6.25) + 2 × (0.001)/(0.025) + (0.001)/(4.00)

= 0.0016 + 0.08 + 0.00025

= 0.08185

percentage error of density = 100 × fractional error of density

= 100 × 0.08185

= 8.185 %

8.185% is the correct answer of the given question

T= 2π √l/gSo Δt/t * 100 = [1/2 Δl/l + 1/2 Δg/g]*100( 2 π is constant so it will be ignored)Hence by solving:0.5% +1% = 1.5%

how can calculate 1/2

dobernier traid formula is a+b/2=answers

According to dobernier triads , atomic mass of middle element of traid is the airthmetic mean of other two Atomic Mass of Na = (6.9+39.1)/2 = 46/2 = 23 u

Ans :- June 18, 1815

The Battle of Waterloo, which took place in Belgium onJune 18, 1815, marked the final defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte, who conquered much of Europe in the early 19th century.

If any body is at rest no force will be there or we can say resultant force is zero on thatand if the body start moving in any direction, that shows the force in that direction is higher than the other force

V=IRV=5×1=5VSo potential difference across AB is 5VV=IR5=I×4I=5/4AI=1.25A____________________V=IR5=I×10I=5/10I=1/2I=0.5A

electron gives the direction of induced current

The rulethat gives the direction of induced currentis called Lenz's Law. Acurrentisinducedin a conductor whenever the magnetic flux through the region enclosed by the conductor is changing.

given​φ = 5 t^3 + 4t^2 + 2t - 4Hence induced emf e = - dφ/dt = - (15t^2 + 8t + 2)So emf when t = 2 se = - (60 + 16 + 2) = - 78 VSo current induced = - 78/5 =- 15.6 A[ I = e / R]Negative sing indicates that the induced current will try to oppose the change in flux

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right ans .

11 . 11 mt is the right answer

11.11mt is the correct answer

11.11 is right answer and correct answer

Thelaw that gives the polarityofinduced emfis given by, Faraday'slawof electromagnetic inductionwhichstatesthat : ... → The magnitude of theinduced e.m.f.is directly proportional to the rate of change of the magnetic flux linked with the circuit.

Given ∅ = 0.02cos(100π)t

and we know that induced emf E = -d∅/dt

so, here d∅/dt = -0.02*100π*(-sin(100π)t) = 2πsin(100π)t

maximum value is = 2π when sin(100π)t = 1.

and for 50 turns it will be E =nd∅/dt = 50*2π = 314v

option 1

thanks a lot

The induced current is the current get generated in a circuit(or coil ) due to a process called electromagnetic induction.

Explanation:A current can be induced in a conducting loop if it is exposed to a changing magnetic field. This change may be produced in several ways; you can change the strength of the magnetic field, move the conductor in and out of the field, alter the distance between a magnet and the conductor, or change the area of a loop located in a stable magnetic field.

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In light atoms, the interactions between the orbital angular momenta of individual electrons is stronger than the spin-orbit coupling between the spin and orbital angular momenta. These cases are described by "L-S coupling". However, for heavier elements with larger nuclear charge, thespin-orbit interactionsbecome as strong as the interactions between individual spins or orbital angular momenta. In those cases the spin and orbital angular momenta of individual electrons tend to couple to form individual electron angular momenta.

the valence electrons J vale

ues is 1/2,3/2 and3/2,5/2….j=l+s, then sum values o,1,2,3,4,

Any change in the magnetic environment of a coil of wire will cause a voltage (emf) to be "induced" in the coil. ... Theinduced emfin a coil is equal to the negative of the rate of change of magnetic flux times the number of turns in the coil. It involves the interaction of charge with magnetic field.

C, option is correct answer

option c is the correct answer. hope it helps

Interactionis a kind of action that occur as two or more objects have an effect upon one another. The idea of a two-way effect is essential in the concept ofinteraction, as opposed to a one-way causal effect.

Interaction is thedirecteffectthatonekindofparticlehasonanother,inparticular,ininducingtheemissionorabsorptionofoneparticlebyanother.

a particular way in which matter, fields, and atomic and subatomic particles affect one another, e.g. through gravitation or electromagnetism.

Interactionis a kind of action that occur as two or more objects have an effect upon one another. The idea of a two-way effect is essential in the concept ofinteraction, as opposed to a one-way causal effect.

It is installed between economiser and air preheater.

According to Lenz's law, the emfinducedin theloopby this changing flux produces acurrentthat sets up afieldopposing the change. Thefieldset up by thecurrentin thecoil, then, points into the page, opposite to thedirectionof the increase in flux.

a) Angle of incidence = 90-20 = 70 degrees.Angle of reflection = Angle of incidence = 70 degrees.b)For normal incidence, angle of incidence = Angle of reflection = 0 degrees.

Current= V/R= 30/5+10+15= 1 ampere

Let the two vectors be A and B, and their resultant be R.Let the angle between A and B be θA = 2 NB = 3 NR = 5 N

Now R² = A² + B² + 2AB cos θSo, 5² = 2² + 3² + 2×3×4 cos θSo, 25 = 4 + 9 + 24 cos θSo, 25 = 13 + 24 cos θSo, 12 = 24 cos θSo, 12/24 = cos θ

So, cos θ = 1/2So, θ = cos^-1 (1/2)

Inverse cosine is also called arc cosine , or simply acos

So, θ = acos (1/2)

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Archimedes' principle states that the upward buoyant force that is exerted on a body immersed in a fluid, whether fully or partially submerged, is equal to the weight of the fluid that the body displaces and acts in the upward direction at the center of mass of the displaced fluid.

Archimedes'principleis also used in designing ships and submarines. The floating of a big ship is based on theArchimedes'principle. An iron nail sinks because it has more weight than the weight of the water it displaces. In other words, the density of the iron nail is greater than the density of water.

The total of the electric flux out of a closed surface is equal to thechargeenclosed divided by thepermittivity.

LetEbe a simple solid region andSis the boundary surface ofEwith positive orientation. LetF be a vector field whose components have continuous first order partial derivatives. Then

Ans :- Electric flux is a measure of the electricity coming out from a charged surface. The force between positive and negative charges is often described in terms of an electric flux linking them, which is measured using coulombs.

For transport phenomena,fluxis avector quantity, describing the magnitude and direction of the flow of a substance or property. In electromagnetism,fluxis a scalarquantity, defined as the surface integral of the component of avectorfield perpendicular to the surface at each point.

Electric Flux over an area in an electric Field represents the total number of electric field lines crossing this area.

Electric fluxϕis a scalar quantity

Torque = force × perpendicular distance. By providing handle near rim the perpendicular distance between point of pivotion and point where force is applied, less force has to be applied to do work.

Inelectromagnetism,electric fluxis the measure of theelectric fieldthrough a given surface,[1]although an electric field in itself cannot flow. It is a way of describing the electric field strength at any distance from the charge causing the field.

The electric field E can exert a force on an electric charge at any point in space. The electric field is proportional to thegradientof the voltage.

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Electric flux is the rate of flow of the electric field through a given area (see ). Electric flux is proportional to the number of electric field lines going through a virtual surface.

Electric flux is the rate of flow of the electric field through a given area (see ). Electric flux is proportional to the number of electric field lines going through a virtual surface.

electric fluxis the measure of theelectric fieldthrough a given surface,[1]although an electric field in itself cannot flow. It is a way of describing the electric field strength at any distance from the charge causing the field.

The electric field E can exert a force on an electric charge at any point in space. The electric field is proportional to thegradientof the voltage.

BasicElectricalEngineering Questions andAnswers–Electric FieldStrength andElectric FluxDensity. ... Explanation: Gauss law states that the totalelectric fluxthrough any closed surface is equal to the charge enclosed by that surface.

Torque = force × perpendicular distance. By providing handle near rim the perpendicular distance between point of pivotion and point where force is applied, less force has to be applied to do work.

Electric flux through an area is the product of magnitude of area and the component-of electric field vector normal to it.SI unit is Nm²/C