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This joint is used to carry the piping system at HIGH pressure. This joint is provided with gland and stuffing BOX which make the joint perfectly steam TIGHT. To prevent leakage asbestos packing is provided.

This joint is used to carry the piping system at high pressure. This joint is provided with gland and stuffing box which make the joint perfectly steam tight. To prevent leakage asbestos packing is provided.

This joint is GENERALLY USED to connect cast iron pipes which are buried in GROUND .This is also SUITABLE for straight pipe line carrying water and this joint has less RIGIDITY.

This joint is generally used to connect cast iron pipes which are buried in ground .This is also suitable for straight pipe line carrying water and this joint has less rigidity.

• Pipe VICE. It is used to HOLD the pipe firmly while CUTTING, threading etc.
• Pipe wrench. It is used fir tightening and loosening the PIPES.

GENERALLY tools used in pipe fittings are Pipe VICE, Pipe wrench, Pipe die, Pipe tap, CHAIN wrench, Chisel, HAMMER, Reamer and Pipe cutter.

Generally tools used in pipe fittings are Pipe vice, Pipe wrench, Pipe die, Pipe tap, Chain wrench, Chisel, Hammer, Reamer and Pipe cutter.

• Threads joints should be fixed applying red lead, white lead, dry point etc. in the threads, bound the PIPE threads using twine and tightened them fully with a suitable wrench. 
• Flanged joint should be fixed using a WASHER of rubber, leather, card board or SOFT metal in metal in between the inner sides of both the FLANGES. 

Pipes are commonly made of cast iron , steel, copper, LEAD, zinc, GALVANIZED iron(G.I) wrought iron , aluminium and also cement and plastic pipes are used. GENERALLY pipes are SPECIFIED by the length, material, BORE size.

Pipes are commonly made of cast iron , steel, copper, lead, zinc, galvanized iron(G.I) wrought iron , aluminium and also cement and plastic pipes are used. Generally pipes are specified by the length, material, bore size.

It is USED to hold the PIPE FIRMLY and it is FIT for rotation on both WAYS.

It is used to hold the pipe firmly and it is fit for rotation on both ways.

Commonly used pipe fitting accessories are : Socket, REDUCING socket, Cross, UNION, Stop VALVE, ELBOW, Union, Plug, FLANGE, Tee.

Commonly used pipe fitting accessories are : Socket, Reducing socket, Cross, Union, Stop valve, Elbow, Union, Plug, Flange, Tee.

Pipe THREADS are grouped in certain RANGES such as 1/4” to 3/8” pipe threads have 19 T.P.I , ½ “ to 7/ 8” pipe threads have 14 T.P.I, 1” and above size pipe threads have 11 T.P.I . Pipe threads MAY be either straight or TAPERED.

Pipe threads are grouped in certain ranges such as 1/4” to 3/8” pipe threads have 19 T.P.I , ½ “ to 7/ 8” pipe threads have 14 T.P.I, 1” and above size pipe threads have 11 T.P.I . Pipe threads may be either straight or tapered.

• PITCH = Module* 3.14 (pie VALUE)
• Number of TEETH = Pitch CIRCLE diameter/ pitch

L = 2C + 1.57 (D +d ) + (D+d)2/ 4C

L = 2C + 1.57 (D +d ) + (D+d)2/ 4C

L = 2C + 1.57 (D + d) + (D-d)2 /4C

L = 2C + 1.57 (D + d) + (D-d)2 /4C

It consists of two GROOVED pulleys which are fixed side on the same spindle having chain also. While another pulley is fitted with clamp in which a lifting hook is PROVIDED. ONE chain CONNECTS the hanging pulley. When a chain is pulled by hand then all the pulleys start functioning and the hook carries the LOAD. In this way the load is lifted to a required height.

It consists of two grooved pulleys which are fixed side on the same spindle having chain also. While another pulley is fitted with clamp in which a lifting hook is provided. One chain connects the hanging pulley. When a chain is pulled by hand then all the pulleys start functioning and the hook carries the load. In this way the load is lifted to a required height.

It consists of a CYLINDER and ram. The oil is forced into the cylinder. The load is lifted by this jack according to the pressure of the oil. In its working SYSTEM the oil is FILLED through the oil plug in the oil reservoir. It has a tube at the lower en d and a non return valve. When the LEVER is operated up and down, plunger moves up in the tube supplying the oil and it down the non return valve which allow the oil into the cylinder which causes the ram RAISES. The ram raises according to the pressure of the oil which lift the load accordingly.

It consists of a cylinder and ram. The oil is forced into the cylinder. The load is lifted by this jack according to the pressure of the oil. In its working system the oil is filled through the oil plug in the oil reservoir. It has a tube at the lower en d and a non return valve. When the lever is operated up and down, plunger moves up in the tube supplying the oil and it down the non return valve which allow the oil into the cylinder which causes the ram raises. The ram raises according to the pressure of the oil which lift the load accordingly.

It is a hollow piece which is used with KEY to connect the shafts. It may be found in cylindrical muff,half LAP muff or split muff type. A GIB head key or a saddle key is inserted between the COUPLING and shafts through out for connecting the shafts.

It is a hollow piece which is used with key to connect the shafts. It may be found in cylindrical muff,half lap muff or split muff type. A gib head key or a saddle key is inserted between the coupling and shafts through out for connecting the shafts.

Pulley block is a block in which two or THREE group of pulleys are used with a rope to lift and HEAVY LOADS. The load is TIED in the hook of the movable block and the effort is APPLIED at the end of the rope which comes through the fixed pulley block.

Pulley block is a block in which two or three group of pulleys are used with a rope to lift and heavy loads. The load is tied in the hook of the movable block and the effort is applied at the end of the rope which comes through the fixed pulley block.

It connects the SHAFTS with soft materials such as rubber, leather, canvas etc. It ADJUSTS the little MISALIGNMENT and controls the vibrations also. It is generally USED electric PUMPS.

It connects the shafts with soft materials such as rubber, leather, canvas etc. It adjusts the little misalignment and controls the vibrations also. It is generally used electric pumps.

It is used to connect two shafts whose axis are not in LINE with each ONE center block, two pins and two pins and two COLLARS with lock pins. The forks are fitted with key on the ENDS of two shafts and then joined to a center block having two arms at 90 degree to each other. This coupling does the function on the action of its two pins. It does not work well if the angle between the two shafts is more than 45 degree.

It is used to connect two shafts whose axis are not in line with each one center block, two pins and two pins and two collars with lock pins. The forks are fitted with key on the ends of two shafts and then joined to a center block having two arms at 90 degree to each other. This coupling does the function on the action of its two pins. It does not work well if the angle between the two shafts is more than 45 degree.

It is very common type of coupling used to connect the shafts by means of two flanges. Two cast IRON flanges are FITTED with key to the ends of the two shafts to be connected and fastened TOGETHER by means of bolts and NUTS.

It is very common type of coupling used to connect the shafts by means of two flanges. Two cast iron flanges are fitted with key to the ends of the two shafts to be connected and fastened together by means of bolts and nuts.

It is a DEVICE USED to connect two shafts. These are generally used to INCREASE the length of shafts.

It is a device used to connect two shafts. These are generally used to increase the length of shafts.

Clutch is used to connect and disconnect the DRIVING and driven units of a MACHINE. It does the function when machine speed is CHANGED after stopping the driving UNIT.

Clutch is used to connect and disconnect the driving and driven units of a machine. It does the function when machine speed is changed after stopping the driving unit.

A Screw JACK consists of a body and a square threaded screw ROD. Its screw rod has a head and a revolving pad. This screw rod acts on both directions according to the action of the lever ATTACHED with ratchet arrangement with the handle. It is USED to lift the loads therefore it is mostly used by motor mechanics.

A Screw jack consists of a body and a square threaded screw rod. Its screw rod has a head and a revolving pad. This screw rod acts on both directions according to the action of the lever attached with ratchet arrangement with the handle. It is used to lift the loads therefore it is mostly used by motor mechanics.

COMMONLY used FOLLOWERS are, POINTED , Flat FACED, ROLLER and Spherical faced.

Commonly used followers are, Pointed , Flat faced, Roller and Spherical faced.

UNIFORM or CONSTANT MOTION,Harmonic motion, Uniform accelerate and RETARDED motion.

Uniform or constant motion,Harmonic motion, Uniform accelerate and retarded motion.

Commonly FOUR types of SHAFTS are USED in industry:

• Main shaft
• Counter shaft
• CRANK shaft
• Splined shaft.

Commonly four types of shafts are used in industry:

There are two main TYPES of CAMS used in INDUSTRIES,

• Radial CAM. On this cam the follower operates in a plane perpendicular the axis of the CAMSHAFT which is raised and lowered as the cam revolves.
• Cylindrical Cam. On this cam the follower oscillates in a plane parallel with the axis of the camshaft .

There are two main types of cams used in industries,

A cam is a CYLINDER, plate or other solid with curved outline which is DESIGNED to convert rotary motion into TIMED irregular motion on the FOLLOWER which is in contact with it.ie,cams rotary motion can be changed to reciprocating motion.

A cam is a cylinder, plate or other solid with curved outline which is designed to convert rotary motion into timed irregular motion on the follower which is in contact with it.ie,cams rotary motion can be changed to reciprocating motion.

• For reducing WEAR and tear.
• For saving the power consumption.
• For easy setup.
• For smooth running of machine.
• For running at SLOW and high speed CARRYING LIGHT and heavy LOADS.

It is a SPLIT BEARING having two halves which are made of brass, GUN metal, etc. Its OUTER ends have collar on both sides. IT is fitted in the housing generally made of cast iron. It is used where the supporting pressure of the bearing is at right angle to the shaft AXIS.

It is a split bearing having two halves which are made of brass, gun metal, etc. Its outer ends have collar on both sides. IT is fitted in the housing generally made of cast iron. It is used where the supporting pressure of the bearing is at right angle to the shaft axis.

• BUSH Bearing. It is a PLAIN CYLINDRICAL bearing made of brass , gun metal ,cast iron etc. Its inner bore is finished and made running fit to the shaft. It is generally used on LOW speed shafts carrying light load.
• Ball bearing. It consists of outer race, inner race, steel balls and cage. The balls are rolling themselves in the tracks between the outer and inner races ,bearing is FITTED on shaft while its outer portion is fixed in housing .Balls have point contact and are free in the races,friction makes balls to rotate.

The MAIN reasons are, INADEQUATE lubrication ,overloading ,miss-alignment and BEARING in DEFECTIVE condition.

The main reasons are, inadequate lubrication ,overloading ,miss-alignment and bearing in defective condition.

It is generally USED on HIGH SPEED with light load because its bearing metal CONTROLS the HEAT.

It is generally used on high speed with light load because its bearing metal controls the heat.

A taper roller BEARING is used to carry heavy loads because it has taper ROLLERS instead of PLAIN CYLINDRICAL rollers.

A taper roller bearing is used to carry heavy loads because it has taper rollers instead of plain cylindrical rollers.

• Ball bearing is GENERALLY used on high SPEED with LIGHT LOAD because it has POINT contact.
• Roller bearing is generally used on high speed with heavy load because it has line contact.

• To guide the SHAFT.
• To support the shaft.
• To give FREE ROTATION to the shaft.

While removing the damaged LINING it helps to melt the lining at LOW TEMPERATURE and it helps to spread over the MOLTEN METAL on the bearing surface.

While removing the damaged lining it helps to melt the lining at low temperature and it helps to spread over the molten metal on the bearing surface.

• Friction bearings. This type of bearings CONTACT that shaft directly such as bush BEARING ,JOURNAL bearing etc. These bearings generally made of cast iron ,brass and gun metal.
• Anti-friction bearings. These type of bearings have rolling elements such as BALLS, rollers etc.

Rack is a flat BAR having STRAIGHT TEETH in series .It is meshed with a pinion having straight teeth like SPUR gear. These type GEARS used in carriage of lathe and milling machine table.

Rack is a flat bar having straight teeth in series .It is meshed with a pinion having straight teeth like spur gear. These type gears used in carriage of lathe and milling machine table.

These gears have intersecting AXIS. Bevel gears are used to CONNECT shafts which are not PARALLEL and when their axis MEET at an angle and FOUND with straight, helical and spiral teeth.

These gears have intersecting axis. Bevel gears are used to connect shafts which are not parallel and when their axis meet at an angle and found with straight, helical and spiral teeth.

• SPIRAL GEARS
• WORM and worm WHEEL

BEVEL GEARS and ANGLE gears.

Bevel gears and angle gears.

• Herringbone Gears . Double helical gears are known as Herringbone gears. These gears have TEETH in SERIES on both sides from the CENTRE in the INCLINED position to the axis. These type of gears are used to transmit motion at high speed with HEAVY load without producing noise. 
• Helical Gears. These type of gears have teeth in series of single way in an inclined position. Helical gears are used to transmit the motion at high speed without producing noise.

SPUR GEARS, HELICAL gears, INTERNAL gears and HERRINGBONE gears

Spur gears, Helical gears, Internal gears and Herringbone gears

Diameteral PITCH is the ratio between the NUMBER of TEETH of a gear and the pitch CIRCLE DIAMETER.

Diameteral pitch is the ratio between the number of teeth of a gear and the pitch circle diameter.

It is the RATIO between the PITCH DIAMETER and the number of teeth in the gear.

It is the ratio between the pitch diameter and the number of teeth in the gear.

It is DISTANCE in STRAIGHT LINE from tooth to tooth ALONG the pitch circle.

It is distance in straight line from tooth to tooth along the pitch circle.

• Addendum is the distance from the top of tooth to the pitch CIRCLE.
• Dedendum is the distance from the ROOT to the pitch circle of GEAR tooth.

It is a common TYPE of gear having teeth in straight. It is USED to TRANSMIT the MOTION on PARALLEL shafts and used for all general purpose for transmitting motion.

It is a common type of gear having teeth in straight. It is used to transmit the motion on parallel shafts and used for all general purpose for transmitting motion.

WORM DRIVE consists of a worm and worm wheel and the worm wheel is always DRIVEN by the worm. It is suitable for heavy loads and ALSO for speed REDUCTION.

Worm drive consists of a worm and worm wheel and the worm wheel is always driven by the worm. It is suitable for heavy loads and also for speed reduction.

• To CHANGE the DIRECTION of rotation
• To change the speed.
• To change the PLANE directions.
• To TRANSMIT power.
• To give positive drive.