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Rice dominent subsistence agriculture is performed in India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Indonesia, Combodia, Thailand and Southern and Central China.

The agriculture performed by man which has the ultimate objective of fulfilling the requirement of food, is known as life subsistence agriculture.

Horticulture is an art or science of growing fruits, vegetables, flowers and ornamental plants.

Primitive subsistence agriculture is practiced widely by many tribes in tropics, especially in Africa, South and Central America and South – East Asia. Under this type of agriculture, the cultivated patches are very small and the tools used are primitive as sticks and hoes. After some years, the soil loses its fertility and the farmers shift to another part and clear some other patch of forest for cultivation. The farmers may return to the earlier patch after sometime. One of the major problems of this type of cultivation is that the cycle of fertility becomes less and less in different patches.

Following are the characteristics of horticulture: 

1. Horticulture is a specific type of agriculture in which fruits, flowers and ornamental plants are cultivated. 

2. It needs large farms which are modern scientific and self contained units. 

3. Only one crop is grown on a large scale. 

4. Enormous capital investment is required to set up a horticulture unit. 

5. Large number of labourers are employed. 

6. These farms provide raw material to factories for processing of crops. 

7. Banana, mango, apple, pear, lemon, mandarin, orange, etc. and flowers such as rose, marigold, tulip, etc. are mainly cultivated under this farming.

Due to technological development and demand of sustenance of growing population, the fishery industry has undergone modernisation.

(b) Shifting agriculture

(c) Australia

Correct Answer is : (d) Savanna

Lianos grasslands are found in Venezuela in Southern America. It is actually Los – Lianos.

Tropical grasslands which are found in South Africa known as Parkland.

Campos grasslands are found in Brazil, a country in South America.

From the commercial point of view, about 1000 species of fish are important.

Cassava plantation in Brazil are called Fazendas.

The main causes of decreasing population of nomodic pastoralists are: 

1. Imposition of political limits. 

2. The planning for settlement for tribes by the government.

Lumbering is a major primary primitive occupation. It includes cutting wood from forests, making logs and sending them to saw mills. Earlier, wood was cut only for fuel, but today, it is practiced for getting raw material for many industries. Paper and furniture industries are based on wood cutting.

The occupation of wood cutting is found in the primary level in tropical regions. The important trees of tropical forests are Sal, Sagon, Mahogany, Sandalwood, Rosewood etc. which are used in many industries. Wood cutting is practiced commercially in Canada, Norway, Finland, and USA.

It is a method in which livestock are reared at grasslands.

Animal herding becomes an easier occupation in those regions, where enough fodder (grass, leaves etc.) is available for the cattle. 

Some of such regions are given below:

1. Tropical Grasslands: These grasslands extend between 5° to 30° latitudes where annual rainfall is hot more than 100 cms. These grasslands are called Savanna in Africa, Lianos in Venezuela, Campos in Brazil and Parkland in South Africa.

2. Temperate Grasslands: These extend between 30° to 45° latitudues. Average rainfall is 50 cms. These grasslands are called Steppes in Russia, Prairies in USA, Pampas in Argentina and Downs in Australia.

When man engaged in hunting and gathering forest produce, he realised that these activities are insufficient for his livelihood and then he adopted animal husbandry as another occupation. People inhabiting various natural surroundings, selected animals found in those regions and domesticated them. The purpose of herding animals was to get food in form of milk and meat, leather, wool, etc. 

The main regions of animal husbandry are:

1. Tropical Grassland: These are located near the equator between the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn. Most of the tropical grasslands are found in between 5° to 30° latitudes. Here average rainfall is 100 cm. Savannas, lanos, compass and Parkland are the major ones among these.

2. Temperate Grasslands: Temperate grasslands are located between 30° to 45° latitudes in the western parts of the continents. Average rainfall is 50 cm here. These grasslands are known as Steppes in Russia, Pampas in USA, and Downs in Australia. 

3. Desert (Arid) Region: Thar Desert, Kalahari, Arabian Desert.

 4. Mountainous Regions: All mountainous areas of the world.

Depending on geographical factors and technological development, animal rearing today is practiced either at the primitive subsistence level or at the commercical level.

1. Nomadic Pastoralism: Nomadic Pastoralism is a primitive subsistence activity, in which the herders rely on animals for food, clothing, shelter, and transport. They move from one place to another place along with their livestock, depending on the amount and quality of pastures. Each Nomadic community occupies a well identified territory as a matter of tradition. A wide variety of animals is kept in different regions.

In tropical Africa, cattle are the most important livestock, while in Sahara and Asiatic deserts, sheep, goats and camel are reared. In mountainous areas, Yak and Lamas, in Arctic and sub-Arctic areas, reindeer are the most important animals. 

Three major areas of Nomadic pastoralists are :

1. Atlantic coast of North America to Arabian peninsula through Mangolia to Central China. 

2. Tundra region of Europe and Asia. 

3. South – Western Africa and Madagascar Island.

2. Commercial Animal Grazing: Commercial animal grazing is essentially associated with western cultures and is practised on permanent animal farms. These farms cover large areas and are divided into a number of parts which are fenced to regulate grazing. The number of animals are kept in a pasture according to its capacity. This is a specialised activity in which only one type of animal is reared.

The animals are reared for meat, wool, milk and skin which are processed and packed scientifically and exported to different markets of the world. New Zealand, Australia, Argentina, Uruguay and United States of America are important commercial animal – rearing countries.

Major regions of animals herding are tropical grasslands (Sudan, Venezuela, Brazil) Temperate grasslands (Argentina, Australia), Desert regions (Arabian Desert) and mountainous areas.

Steppes are found in Europe and Asia.

Pampas grasslands are found in a country named Argentina in South America.

Movement of animal herder to a new area or region or country in order to find food, herding their cattle or sustaining livelihood for a short period is called Transhumance.

Groups of Gujjar, Bakarwal, Gaddi and Bhutiya tribes come in the plains from Himalayan regions in winter.

When man engaged in hunting realised that animal hunting could not provide him enough means for his living, and he found that rearing the animals was easier and more beneficial than hunting them, instead of hunting, many people started herding animals.

People inhabiting in various natural surroundings selected animals found in those surrounding, and they domesticated them for their food, leather wool, etc. On the basis of physical factors and technical development, occuptation of animal hereding has been adopted in two forms in present time – nomadic pastoralism and commercial animal rearing. In this way, occupation of animal herding developed.

The movement of animal herders in process of grazing their cattle according to the climate and availability of water and grasslands is called nomadic herding.

Correct Answer is : (d) Eskimo

Such activities of man which are directly related to the use of natural resources under which man uses land, water, vegetation and minerals to fulfil his requirements are called primary occupations.

(b) Amazon Basin

(d) Manufacturing

(c) Kalahari region

Factors Influencing Mining Activities: Mining of minerals is made possible by the considerable presence of minerals in a region, but physical and human conditions also influence mining of minerals:

1. Natural Conditions: Natural conditions mainly include location of mineral deposits, quality of minerals, quantity, type, richness of minerals in ores and proximity to market regions. 

2. Human Conditions: Human conditions mainly include demand for minerals, transportation facilities, capital, labour, level of technology and its advancement, government policy, etc.

There are three types of rocks-igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks.

1. Distribution of minerals across the world is unequal. 

2. Most of the minerals have a definite composion and they are non-renewable. 

3. Most of the minerals are found inside the earth’s surface and their extraction needs huge capital, labour and advanced technology. 

4. Quantity of minerals is decreasing day by day. 

5. No country is self-sufficient in production of minerals. 

6. The extraction and use of minerals depends on market and demand.

Minerals are natural chemical elements or compounds. The places from which minerals are obtained are called mines. The time period of history is also classified as stone-age, copper-age, bronze-age and iron – age. Today, civilisation and economic life lie in the quantity of minerals used. Since it is an axis of industry and trade.

Minerals are the natural wealth of a country, in which iron metal is most useful. Coal and petroleum are the basis of energy. Various ferrous and no-ferrous metals are essential for the industrial development of a country. Human progress could be possible due to discovery of various types of minerals.

Those places from where minerals are excavated are called mines.

Correct Answer is : (a) Hunting

The minerals like gold, silver, copper, zinc, lead, magnesium, mica, sulphur, etc.

Man has been changing his occupations and economic activities to satisfy his daily needs since the beginning along with his increasing needs and progress, but primitive occupations have been its fundamental. 

The following are the primitive occupations of man.

1. Hunting: Hunting is considered to be the oldest economic activity. It needs the least number of persons, but it requires a larger area in the comparison to any other human economic activity. It provides a minimum level of sustenance. Hunting requires very less capital and low – level technical knowledge. Sharp – tools, poisoned arrows, nooses, etc. are used for hunting. Hunting is completely banned in India. 

2. Gathering: Food gathering too has been a primitive and economically inferior occupation. With the development of social and technological advancement, the importance of food gathering has been declining. Now, only a few people are engaged in it at world level. Man has been gathering various things for satisfying his basic requirements.

Without harming the environment, people have been engaged in this activity to gather roots-tubers, fruits, nuts, berries leaves, etc. from the forests. These people neither cultivate land nor rear animals. There is no need of any kind of skill or much effort for gathering.

3. Fishing: This occupation also has been in practice since ancient time. Man has to struggle continuously against natural obstacles in this activity. Fish are caught from ponds, rivers, canals, lakes, and coastal seas. In this occupation, fish, naturally obtained are caught for earning livelihood. Fish are caught for food or to obtain oil or leather and also as a fodder for milch animals and to make fertilizers.

4. Herding: Herding is a primitive subsistence human activity. It is also known as nomadic pastoralism. When human groups engaged in hunting and gathering forest produce realised that these two occupations, were insufficient for their livelihood, they started animal herding as an additional occupation. People inhabiting various natural surroundings, selected animals found in those regions and they domesticated them. Food, leather, wool, etc. are obtained from domestic animals. 

5. Agriculture: Agriculture has an important place in economic activities of the primary level. This is the most prevalent occupation. Agriculture enabled man to live a settled life. Agriculture which is the main source of food in the world, supplies 71 per cent of food needs. Agriculture is the main occupation in developing or under developing countries. 

6. Lumbering: It is also a major primary occupation of man. It includes cutting wood from forests, making logs and sending them to saw-mills. Lumbering too has undergone important changes, like other primitive occupations. In past time, wood was cut only for fuel, but in the present time, it is used as a raw material in many industries. Paper and furniture industries are based on it.

Hunting, gathering forest produce, fishing, animal herding, agriculture, wool shearing, mining, etc. are the primary occupations.

Natural and human factors are the major factors which affect mining. Under natural factors, size, category and condition of availability of mineral deposits, and under human factors demand of minerals, present level of technical know how and its use, basic infrastructure, available capital and human labour are included.

Following are the main characteristics of primitive permanent agriculture: 

1. Gradually shifting agriculture took the form of permanent-cultivation and became primitive permanent agriculture. 

2. In this agriculture, available water is used for irrigation. 

3. In this agriculture, fields are prepared by clearing the land. 

4. Other occupations also originate due to increase in agricultural production. 

5. Animal rearing is also done along with this agriculture. 

6. Animals are used for cultivaton and transportation. 

7. This type of agriculture is done in north – east India, Malaysia, Indonesia and Central Indies countries.

Coal, petroleum, natural gas, rock – phosphate salt, etc. minerals are extracted from sedimentary rocks.

Hunting, gathering food from forests, animals herding, fishing, wood-cutting in the forests, agriculture and mining are primary activities. All the primary activities depend on environment as they are directly related to use of land, vegetation, building materials, minerals and domestic or other animals.

The agriculture, in which animal husbandry is also practiced along with crop cultivation. In it, crop production and animal husbandry both are given equal importance.

Dairy farming is a type of agriculture for long – term production of milk. This is done by rearing cattle on a farm or at a dairy plant for eventual sale of a dairy products.

Hunting is a human activity in which animals are killed or trapped with a view to getting food or for recreation.

Developed countries are reducing mining processing and refining activities because these require higher number of labour.

In the primitive age of civilisation, man was dependent on the nearby environment. 

He fulfilled his basic needs by adopting two activities:

1. Hunting animals. 

2. By gathering root-tubers, fruits, nuts, berries, leaves, herbs, etc. from forests. People living in extremely cold or hot regions survived by hunting.