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1. CREATE a PUSH button
2. Connect a Counter SERIES to PB
3. Create a compare button
4. INITIALIZE 1 at one end
5. Counter output in another
6. Connect the Coil which has to be energized
7. Initialize 2 at one end
8. Counter output in another
9. Connect the Coil which has to be reenergized.

1. Create a Push button
2. Connect a Counter series to PB
3. Create a compare button
4. Initialize 1 at one end
5. Counter output in another
6. Connect the Coil which has to be energized
7. Initialize 2 at one end
8. Counter output in another
9. Connect the Coil which has to be reenergized.

Remote mount with MTA MEANS MTA connector for mounting remote connection.

MTA is the Connector used for connection. Generally we called it MTA Connector.

There are MANY types of MTA connector such as MTA 100connectors, Mta 156 CONNECTORS ETC.

Remote mount with MTA means MTA connector for mounting remote connection.

MTA is the Connector used for connection. Generally we called it MTA Connector.

There are many types of MTA connector such as MTA 100connectors, Mta 156 connectors etc.

GENERALLY in a transistor some amount of voltage is required for TURNING it on. This voltage is the cut in voltage. Up to this voltage the exists a nonlinearity in its characteristics. Beyond this cut in voltage the char. of transistor is linear. This NONLINEAR region LAYS between 0-4ma, beyond 4ma it linear. This is why 4-20 ma RANGE is used.

Generally in a transistor some amount of voltage is required for turning it on. This voltage is the cut in voltage. Up to this voltage the exists a nonlinearity in its characteristics. Beyond this cut in voltage the char. of transistor is linear. This nonlinear region lays between 0-4ma, beyond 4ma it linear. This is why 4-20 ma range is used.

CONTROL valve can not be without positioner. The purpose of the positioner is to control the control valve STROKE so as to keep the valve in DESIRED position. The positioner receives SIGNAL from the controller, and SEND the boosted signal to the actuator to reach the desired position as and when the valve reaches the desired position the positioner cuts the boosted signal to the actuator and keeps the position.

Control valve can not be without positioner. The purpose of the positioner is to control the control valve stroke so as to keep the valve in desired position. The positioner receives signal from the controller, and send the boosted signal to the actuator to reach the desired position as and when the valve reaches the desired position the positioner cuts the boosted signal to the actuator and keeps the position.

Instrumentation can be used to measure certain field parameters (physical VALUES):

These measured values include:

* pressure, either differential or static
* flow
* temperature - Temperature_measurement
* level - Level Measurement
* density
* VISCOSITY
* radiation
* current
* VOLTAGE
* inductance
* capacitance
* frequency
* RESISTIVITY
* conductivity
* chemical COMPOSITION
* chemical properties
* various physical properties

Instrumentation can be used to measure certain field parameters (physical values):

These measured values include:

* pressure, either differential or static
* flow
* temperature - Temperature_measurement
* level - Level Measurement
* density
* viscosity
* radiation
* current
* voltage
* inductance
* capacitance
* frequency
* resistivity
* conductivity
* chemical composition
* chemical properties
* various physical properties

In addition to measuring FIELD parameters, INSTRUMENTATION is also responsible for providing the ability to modify some field parameters.

Some EXAMPLES include:

Device Field Parameter(s) Valve Flow, Pressure RELAY VOLTAGE, Current Solenoid Physical Location, Level Circuit breaker Voltage, Current.

In addition to measuring field parameters, instrumentation is also responsible for providing the ability to modify some field parameters.

Some examples include:

Device Field Parameter(s) Valve Flow, Pressure Relay Voltage, Current Solenoid Physical Location, Level Circuit breaker Voltage, Current.

Instrumentation engineering is the engineering SPECIALIZATION FOCUSED on the principle and operation of measuring instruments which are used in design and configuration of automated systems in electrical, pneumatic domains etc.

They typically work for industries with automated processes, such as CHEMICAL or manufacturing PLANTS, with the GOAL of improving system productivity, reliability, safety, optimization and stability.

Instrumentation engineering is the engineering specialization focused on the principle and operation of measuring instruments which are used in design and configuration of automated systems in electrical, pneumatic domains etc.

They typically work for industries with automated processes, such as chemical or manufacturing plants, with the goal of improving system productivity, reliability, safety, optimization and stability.

if we need a phase shift than we give input N inverting PIN or when we need to boost signal at higher LEVEL, i.e; USING cascade STAGES of amplification(even) than we also use inverting pin.

if we need a phase shift than we give input n inverting pin or when we need to boost signal at higher level, i.e; using cascade stages of amplification(even) than we also use inverting pin.

excessive pressure to your differential pressure transmitter, you COULD damage your INSTRUMENT. This is known as over-ranging the transmitter. 

A three-way MANIFOLD valve is a device that prevents the instrument from being over-ranged. It also allows the isolation of the transmitter from the PROCESS loop (an option which could be used generaly for maintenance or re-calibration or FITTING new equipment).

excessive pressure to your differential pressure transmitter, you could damage your instrument. This is known as over-ranging the transmitter. 

A three-way manifold valve is a device that prevents the instrument from being over-ranged. It also allows the isolation of the transmitter from the process loop (an option which could be used generaly for maintenance or re-calibration or fitting new equipment).

In CLOSED tank, bottom of the tank is CONNECTED to the high pressure side of the transmitter. Top of tank is connected to the lower pressure side of the transmitter. In this WAY vessel pressure can be measured.

In closed tank, bottom of the tank is connected to the high pressure side of the transmitter. Top of tank is connected to the lower pressure side of the transmitter. In this way vessel pressure can be measured.

In open tank the lower PRESSURE SIDE is vented to the atmosphere. All pressure is APPLIED to the HIGH pressure side. This vessel pressure is measured through high pressure side.

In open tank the lower pressure side is vented to the atmosphere. All pressure is applied to the high pressure side. This vessel pressure is measured through high pressure side.

The variation in level of buoyancy RESULTING from a change in LIQUID level varies the net weight of the displacer increasing or decreasing the LOAD on the torque arm. This change is directly proportional to change in level and specific GRAVITY of the liquid. The resulting torque tube movement varies the angular motion of the rotor in RVDT PROVIDING a rotor change proportional to the rotor displacement, which is converted and amplified to a D.C. current.

The variation in level of buoyancy resulting from a change in liquid level varies the net weight of the displacer increasing or decreasing the load on the torque arm. This change is directly proportional to change in level and specific gravity of the liquid. The resulting torque tube movement varies the angular motion of the rotor in RVDT providing a rotor change proportional to the rotor displacement, which is converted and amplified to a D.C. current.

Enraf LEVEL gauge is based on the ser powered null balance technique. A displacer serves as continuous level sensing element. A two phase ser motor controlled by a capacitive balance system winds unwinds the the measuring wire until the tension in the weight springs is in balance with the weight of the displaced part immersed in the liquid. The sensing system in balance measures the two capacitance FORMED by the moving CENTRAL sensing rod provided by the two CAPACITOR plates and the si plates.

Enraf level gauge is based on the ser powered null balance technique. A displacer serves as continuous level sensing element. A two phase ser motor controlled by a capacitive balance system winds unwinds the the measuring wire until the tension in the weight springs is in balance with the weight of the displaced part immersed in the liquid. The sensing system in balance measures the two capacitance formed by the moving central sensing rod provided by the two capacitor plates and the si plates.

The constant voltage circuit consists of a rectifier, CR and a filter capacitor. It is followed by two STAGES of zener regulation. Abridge CONFIGURATION is provided to lamp line voltage zener regulation. Regulation 1 and regulation 2 provides relatively provide constant current. RESISTORS form a bridge that may remoment line voltage effects.

The constant voltage circuit consists of a rectifier, CR and a filter capacitor. It is followed by two stages of zener regulation. Abridge configuration is provided to lamp line voltage zener regulation. Regulation 1 and regulation 2 provides relatively provide constant current. Resistors form a bridge that may remoment line voltage effects.

BURNOUT provides the warnsug feature of driving indicator at the end of scale, if the INPUT circuit is open. A burnout resistor is provided which develops a voltage drop between the measuring circuit and amplifier. The polarity of the signal determines the direction of the servo drive upon an open circuit in the input.

UPSCALE burnout: R value 10 M
Downscale burnout: R value 22 M

Burnout provides the warnsug feature of driving indicator at the end of scale, if the input circuit is open. A burnout resistor is provided which develops a voltage drop between the measuring circuit and amplifier. The polarity of the signal determines the direction of the servo drive upon an open circuit in the input.

Upscale burnout: R value 10 M
Downscale burnout: R value 22 M

Different orifice plates are: 

1. Concentric 

2. Segmental 

3. Eccentric

Concentric: These plates are used for ideal liquid as well as gases and steam service. Concentric HOLES are PRESENT in these plates, thats why it is known as concentric orifice.

Segmental: This PLATE has hole in the form of segment of the circle. This plate is used for colloidal and sherry flow measurement.

Eccentric: This plate has the eccentric holes. This plate is used in viscous and sherry flow measurement.

Different orifice plates are: 

1. Concentric 

2. Segmental 

3. Eccentric

Concentric: These plates are used for ideal liquid as well as gases and steam service. Concentric holes are present in these plates, thats why it is known as concentric orifice.

Segmental: This plate has hole in the form of segment of the circle. This plate is used for colloidal and sherry flow measurement.

Eccentric: This plate has the eccentric holes. This plate is used in viscous and sherry flow measurement.

An ORIFICE tab is welded on the orifice plate which extends out of the LINE GIVING an indication of the orifice plate.

An orifice tab is welded on the orifice plate which extends out of the line giving an indication of the orifice plate.

Following REASONS justify for providing orifice tab:

1. Indication of orifice plate in a line
2. The orifice diameter is marked on it.
3. The MATERIAL of the orifice plate.
4. The tag number of the orifice plate.
5. To MARK the inlet of an orifice.

Following reasons justify for providing orifice tab:

1. Indication of orifice plate in a line
2. The orifice diameter is marked on it.
3. The material of the orifice plate.
4. The tag number of the orifice plate.
5. To mark the inlet of an orifice.

Bernoulli's theorem states that the ‘total energy of a liquid flowing from one point to another remains constant'. It is applicable for non-compressible LIQUIDS. For different types of liquid flow Bernoulli's equation changes. There is direct PROPORTION between speed of fluid and its dynamic pressure and its kinetic energy.

It can be used in various real life situations like measuring pressure on aircraft wing and calibrating the AIRSPEED indicator. It can also be used to LOW pressure in the venturi TUBES present in carburetor.

Bernoulli's theorem states that the ‘total energy of a liquid flowing from one point to another remains constant'. It is applicable for non-compressible liquids. For different types of liquid flow Bernoulli's equation changes. There is direct proportion between speed of fluid and its dynamic pressure and its kinetic energy.

It can be used in various real life situations like measuring pressure on aircraft wing and calibrating the airspeed indicator. It can also be used to low pressure in the venturi tubes present in carburetor.

D.P. transmitter can be calibrated using following steps:

1. Adjust zero of Xmtrs.

2. PERFORM static pressure test: Give equal pressure on both sides of transmitter. Zero should not shift either SIDE. If the zero shifts then CARRY out static alignment.

3. Perform vacuum test: APPLY equal vacuum to both the sides. Zero should not shift.

4. Calibration procedure: Give 20 psi air supply to the transmitter and vent L.P. side to atmosphere. Connect output of the instrument to the standard test gauge. Adjust zero. Apply required pressure to the high pressure side and adjust the SPAN. Adjust zero gain if necessary.

D.P. transmitter can be calibrated using following steps:

1. Adjust zero of Xmtrs.

2. Perform static pressure test: Give equal pressure on both sides of transmitter. Zero should not shift either side. If the zero shifts then carry out static alignment.

3. Perform vacuum test: Apply equal vacuum to both the sides. Zero should not shift.

4. Calibration procedure: Give 20 psi air supply to the transmitter and vent L.P. side to atmosphere. Connect output of the instrument to the standard test gauge. Adjust zero. Apply required pressure to the high pressure side and adjust the span. Adjust zero gain if necessary.

Flow varies DIRECTLY as the square root of pressure. THUS, F=K of square root of APPLIED pressure. Since this flow varies as the square root of differential pressure.

The pressure pen does not directly indicate flow. Thus flow can be DETERMINED by taking the square root of the pen. Assume the pen reads 50% of the chart. So, flow can be calculated using the pen MEASURE in the chart.

Flow varies directly as the square root of pressure. Thus, F=K of square root of applied pressure. Since this flow varies as the square root of differential pressure.

The pressure pen does not directly indicate flow. Thus flow can be determined by taking the square root of the pen. Assume the pen reads 50% of the chart. So, flow can be calculated using the pen measure in the chart.

Pressure GAUGE includes following COMPONENTS:

a. ‘C' TYPE bourdon tube.
b. Connecting link
c. Sector gear
d. Pinion Gear
e. Hair spring
f. Pointer
g. Dial

Use of hair spring: Hair spring is responsible for CONTROLLING torque. It is ALSO used to eliminate any play into linkages.

Pressure gauge includes following components:

a. ‘C' type bourdon tube.
b. Connecting link
c. Sector gear
d. Pinion Gear
e. Hair spring
f. Pointer
g. Dial

Use of hair spring: Hair spring is responsible for controlling torque. It is also used to eliminate any play into linkages.

Force balance principle: A controller which GENERATES an OUTPUT signal by opposing torque. The INPUT force is applied on the input bellows which MOVES the beam. This crackles nozzle back pressure. The nozzle back pressure is sensed by the balancing bellows which brings the beam to balance. The baffle movement is very less about 0.002 for full scale output.

Advantages:

a. Moving parts are fewer.

b. Baffle movement is negligible

c. Frictional LOSSES are less

Force balance principle: A controller which generates an output signal by opposing torque. The input force is applied on the input bellows which moves the beam. This crackles nozzle back pressure. The nozzle back pressure is sensed by the balancing bellows which brings the beam to balance. The baffle movement is very less about 0.002 for full scale output.

Advantages:

a. Moving parts are fewer.

b. Baffle movement is negligible

c. Frictional losses are less

1. Emitter +ve of meter and base -ve output =Low resistance

2. Emitter -ve of meter and base +ve output =HIGH resistance

3. COLLECTOR +ve and base -ve output =Low

4. Collector -ve and base +ve output =Low

Emitter: Collector = High resistance

PNP: Opposite RESULTS

1. Emitter +ve of meter and base -ve output =Low resistance

2. Emitter -ve of meter and base +ve output =High resistance

3. Collector +ve and base -ve output =Low

4. Collector -ve and base +ve output =Low

Emitter: Collector = High resistance

PNP: Opposite Results

A ratio control system is characterized by the fact that variations in the secondary variable don't REFLECT back on the primary variable. A ratio control system is the system where secondary flow is HOLD in some PROPORTION to a primary uncontrollable flow.

If we assume that the output of a primary transmitter is A. and the output of the secondary transmitter is B, and that the multiplication factor of the ratio relay is K, then for equilibrium conditions which means set valve is equal to measured valve.

we FIND the following relation:

KA-B=0 or B/A = K where ‘K' is the ratio SETTING off the relay.

A ratio control system is characterized by the fact that variations in the secondary variable don't reflect back on the primary variable. A ratio control system is the system where secondary flow is hold in some proportion to a primary uncontrollable flow.

If we assume that the output of a primary transmitter is A. and the output of the secondary transmitter is B, and that the multiplication factor of the ratio relay is K, then for equilibrium conditions which means set valve is equal to measured valve.

we find the following relation:

KA-B=0 or B/A = K where ‘K' is the ratio setting off the relay.

In automatic REFERENCE junction compensation, variable nickel resistor is used. As the temperature changes, so does its RESISTANCE. This reference junction compensator is LOCATED, so that it will be at the temperature of the reference junction. The reference junction is at the poset where the dissimilar WIRE of the THERMOCOUPLE is rejoined. This joint is invariably at the terminal strip of the instrument.

In automatic reference junction compensation, variable nickel resistor is used. As the temperature changes, so does its resistance. This reference junction compensator is located, so that it will be at the temperature of the reference junction. The reference junction is at the poset where the dissimilar wire of the thermocouple is rejoined. This joint is invariably at the terminal strip of the instrument.

When, in some processes, e.g. BATCH processes, long transient responses are expected during which a SUSTAINED deviation is present the controller integral ACTION continuously drives the output to a MINIMUM or maximum VALUE. This phenomenon is called ‘integral saturation of the control unit'. When this condition is met, then this unit is de-saturated.

When, in some processes, e.g. batch processes, long transient responses are expected during which a sustained deviation is present the controller integral action continuously drives the output to a minimum or maximum value. This phenomenon is called ‘integral saturation of the control unit'. When this condition is met, then this unit is de-saturated.

Variable area meters are special form of HEAD meters. Where in the area of flow restrictor is varied. So as to hold the differential PRESSURE constant. The rota meter consists of a vertical tapered tube through which the metered fluid flows in upward direction. As the flow varies the ‘float' rises or falls to vary the area of the passages that the differential ACROSS it balances the gravitational force on the ‘float'. The differential pressure is maintained constant. The position of the ‘float' is the measure of the rate of flow.

Variable area meters are special form of head meters. Where in the area of flow restrictor is varied. So as to hold the differential pressure constant. The rota meter consists of a vertical tapered tube through which the metered fluid flows in upward direction. As the flow varies the ‘float' rises or falls to vary the area of the passages that the differential across it balances the gravitational force on the ‘float'. The differential pressure is maintained constant. The position of the ‘float' is the measure of the rate of flow.

The most common range for differential range for liquid measurement is 0-100. This range is HIGH enough to minimize the errors caused by unequal heads in the seal chambers. It is also dependent on the differences in the TEMPERATURE of the load lines. The 100 range permits an increased in CAPACITY up to 400. While decrease down up to 20 by merely changing the range TUBES or range adjustments.

The most common range for differential range for liquid measurement is 0-100. This range is high enough to minimize the errors caused by unequal heads in the seal chambers. It is also dependent on the differences in the temperature of the load lines. The 100 range permits an increased in capacity up to 400. While decrease down up to 20 by merely changing the range tubes or range adjustments.

Turbine meters consist of straight flow tube within which a turbine or fan is free to rotate about it s AXIS which is fixed along G the CENTRE line of the tube. Mostly, a magnetic pick up system senses the rotation of the rotor through the tube WALLS. The turbine meter is a flow rate device, SINCE the rotor speed is directly proportional to the flow rate. The output is usually in the form of electric pulses from the magnetic pick up with a frequency proportional to the flow rate.

Turbine meters consist of straight flow tube within which a turbine or fan is free to rotate about it s axis which is fixed along g the centre line of the tube. Mostly, a magnetic pick up system senses the rotation of the rotor through the tube walls. The turbine meter is a flow rate device, since the rotor speed is directly proportional to the flow rate. The output is usually in the form of electric pulses from the magnetic pick up with a frequency proportional to the flow rate.

An electric potential is developed when a conductor is moved across the magnetic field. In most electrical MACHINERY the conductor is a wire. The principle is equally applicable to a moving, electrically conductive liquid. The primary device of commercial magnetic meters consist of STRAIGHT cylindrical electrically insulated tube with a PAIR of electrodes nearly flush with the tube walls and located at opposite end of a tube DIAMETER. This device is limited to electrically conducting liquids. The magnetic meter is particularly suited to MEASUREMENT of slurries and dirty fluids.

An electric potential is developed when a conductor is moved across the magnetic field. In most electrical machinery the conductor is a wire. The principle is equally applicable to a moving, electrically conductive liquid. The primary device of commercial magnetic meters consist of straight cylindrical electrically insulated tube with a pair of electrodes nearly flush with the tube walls and located at opposite end of a tube diameter. This device is limited to electrically conducting liquids. The magnetic meter is particularly suited to measurement of slurries and dirty fluids.

A positioner is a device put into a valve to ensure that it is at a correct position of OPENING as per the control signal. An I/P converter only SENDS the opening/closing request to valve but can not confirm its position.

Positioner SENSES the valve opening through a position feedback link connected to valve stem which is its input signal. I/P converter output is its setpoint input. The difference between these two is the error signal based on which the positioner positions the valve to correct position to reduce error to ZERO. Hence positioner is nothing but a pneumatic feedback controller.

Controlled external supply air to positioner provides power to positioner to position a valve. Also positioner is used in a valve when valve operating signal range is different from I/P converter output range.

A positioner is a device put into a valve to ensure that it is at a correct position of opening as per the control signal. An I/P converter only sends the opening/closing request to valve but can not confirm its position.

Positioner senses the valve opening through a position feedback link connected to valve stem which is its input signal. I/P converter output is its setpoint input. The difference between these two is the error signal based on which the positioner positions the valve to correct position to reduce error to zero. Hence positioner is nothing but a pneumatic feedback controller.

Controlled external supply air to positioner provides power to positioner to position a valve. Also positioner is used in a valve when valve operating signal range is different from I/P converter output range.

DRY leg MEANS in LAB. And WET leg means in feild

Dry leg means in lab. And wet leg means in feild

To ELEVATE ZERO so that we can come to KNOW whether it is dead zero or from SIGNAL.

To elevate zero so that we can come to know whether it is dead zero or from signal.

We know with HELP of REYNOLDS NUMBER what type of FLOW in FLUID.

We know with help of reynolds number what type of flow in fluid.

The technology which is used to MEASURED and CONTROL the PROCESS system of plant is called INSTRUMENTATION. It is branch of engineering.

The technology which is used to measured and control the process system of plant is called instrumentation. It is branch of engineering.