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• UNDERESTIMATION of RISKS
• OVERESTIMATION of risks
• No ESTIMATION of risks

• Voluntary and Involuntary risk
• Short-term and Long-term risk
• Expected PROBABILITY
• REVERSIBLE effects
• THRESHOLD levels to risk
• Delayed or IMMEDIATE risk etc

• The minimum requirement is that a design MUST comply with the applicable laws.
• An acceptable design must meet the standard of “accepted engineering practice.”
• Alternative designs that are potentially SAFER must be EXPLORED.
• Engineer must attempt to foresee potential misuses of the product by the consumer and must design to avoid these problems.
• Once the product is designed, both the prototypes and FINISHED devices must be RIGOROUSLY tested.

A DISASTER = A SERIOUSLY disruptive EVENT + A STATE of UNPREPAREDNESS.

A DISASTER = A seriously disruptive event + A state of unpreparedness.

A RISK is the potential that something UNWANTED and harmful MAY occur.

Risk = PROBABILITY X Consequences.

A risk is the potential that something unwanted and harmful may occur.

Risk = Probability X Consequences.

• Model USED for the design calculations.
• Exact characteristics of the materials PURCHASED.
• Constancies of materials used for processing and fabrication.
• Nature of the pressure, the FINISHED product will encounter.

SCIENTIFIC experiments are conducted to gain NEW knowledge, while “engineering PROJECTS are experiments that are not NECESSARILY designed to PRODUCE very much knowledge”.

Scientific experiments are conducted to gain new knowledge, while “engineering projects are experiments that are not necessarily designed to produce very much knowledge”.

• Any PROJECT is carried out in partial IGNORANCE.
• The final OUTCOMES of engineering projects, like those of experiments, are generally uncertain.
• Effective engineering relies UPON knowledge gained about products before and after they leave the factory – knowledge needed for IMPROVING current products and creating better ones.

• MINIMAL COMPLIANCE.
• MANY LAWS are WITHOUT enforceable sanctions.

• CODES are restricted to general and vague wording.
• Codes can’t give a solution or method for solving the internal conflicts.
• Codes cannot serve as the final moral AUTHORITY for PROFESSIONAL conduct.
• Codes can be reproduced in a very rapid MANNER.

• INSPIRATION and GUIDANCE
• Support
• Deterrence and Discipline
• Education and MUTUAL Understanding
• Contributing to the Profession Public Image
• PROTECTING the Status Quo
• Promoting Business INTERESTS

CODE is a SET of STANDARDS and LAWS.

Code is a set of standards and laws.

• Accuracy in MEASUREMENT, interchangeability, ease of handling.
• Prevention of injury, death and LOSS of INCOME or property.
• Fair value of price.
• Competence in carrying out TASKS.
• Sound design, ease of communications.
• Freedom from interference.

• CONSCIENTIOUSNESS.
• COMPREHENSIVE PERSPECTIVE.
• AUTONOMY.
• ACCOUNTABILITY.

INFORMED Consent is UNDERSTOOD as including two MAIN elements:

• Knowledge [Subjects should be given not only the information they request, but all the information needed to make a REASONABLE decision].
• Voluntariness [Subjects must enter into the experiment WITHOUT being subjected to force, fraud, or deception].

Informed Consent is understood as including two main elements:

• The consent was given voluntarily.
• The consent was based on the information that rational person would want, together with any other information REQUESTED, presented to them in UNDERSTANDABLE FORM.
• The CONSENTER was competent to process the information and make rational decisions.

• In understanding moral dilemmas.
• JUSTIFYING professional obligations and IDEALS.
• RELATING ORDINARY and professional morality.

A religion is any set of articles of faith together with the observances, attitudes, obligations and FEELINGS tied up THEREWITH, which, in so far as it is influential in a person, TENDS to PERFORM two functions, ONE social and the other personal.

A religion is any set of articles of faith together with the observances, attitudes, obligations and feelings tied up therewith, which, in so far as it is influential in a person, tends to perform two functions, one social and the other personal.

Ethical pluralism is the view that there MAY be alternative moral perspectives that are reasonable, but no one of which must be ACCEPTED COMPLETELY by all rational and morally CONCERNED persons.

Ethical pluralism is the view that there may be alternative moral perspectives that are reasonable, but no one of which must be accepted completely by all rational and morally concerned persons.

ETHICAL EGOISM – the VIEW that right action consist in producing ONE’s own good.

Ethical relativism – the view that right action is merely what the law and customs of one’s society require.

Ethical egoism – the view that right action consist in producing one’s own good.

Ethical relativism – the view that right action is merely what the law and customs of one’s society require.

Duty ethics does not always LEAD to a SOLUTION which MAXIMIZES the public GOOD.

Duty ethics does not always lead to a solution which maximizes the public good.

Sometimes what is best for the community as a WHOLE is bad for certain individuals in the community.

It is often IMPOSSIBLE to know in ADVANCE which decision will lead to the most good.

Sometimes what is best for the community as a whole is bad for certain individuals in the community.

It is often impossible to know in advance which decision will lead to the most good.

• Theory must be CLEAR, and formulated with concepts that are coherent and applicable.
• It must be internally consistent in that none of its tenets contradicts any other.
• Neither the theory nor its defense can rely upon false INFORMATION.
• It must be SUFFICIENTLY comprehensive to PROVIDE guidance in specific situations of interests to us.
• It must be compatible with our most carefully considered moral convictions about CONCRETE situations.

Each person is entitled to the most extensive amount of liberty compatible with an equal amount for others.

Differences in social power and economic benefits are JUSTIFIED only when they are likely to benefit everyone, INCLUDING members of the most DISADVANTAGED groups.

Each person is entitled to the most extensive amount of liberty compatible with an equal amount for others.

Differences in social power and economic benefits are justified only when they are likely to benefit everyone, including members of the most disadvantaged groups.

Hypothetical IMPERATIVES are BASED on some conditions whereas Moral imperatives wont based on some CONDITION.

Hypothetical imperatives are based on some conditions whereas Moral imperatives wont based on some condition.

VIRTUE ethics – Virtues and vices

Utilitarianism – Most good for the most people

DUTY ethics – DUTIES to respect people

RIGHTS ethics – Human rights

Virtue ethics – Virtues and vices

Utilitarianism – Most good for the most people

Duty ethics – Duties to respect people

Rights ethics – Human rights

• ACT DONE in IGNORANCE
• Act PERFORMED under COMPULSION

• A VIRTUE
• Obligations
• General moral capacities of people
• Liabilities and ACCOUNTABILITY for ACTIONS
• Blameworthiness or PRAISEWORTHINESS

RECOGNITION self-respect

APPRAISAL self-respect

Recognition self-respect

Appraisal self-respect

Self-respect: It is a moral concept; refers to the VIRTUE properly VALUING ONESELF.

Self-esteem: It is a psychological concept; means having a positive attitude toward oneself, even if the attitude is excessive or otherwise UNWARRANTED.

Self-respect: It is a moral concept; refers to the virtue properly valuing oneself.

Self-esteem: It is a psychological concept; means having a positive attitude toward oneself, even if the attitude is excessive or otherwise unwarranted.

TRUTHFULNESS – MEETING RESPONSIBILITIES CONCERNING truth-telling.

Trustworthiness – Meeting responsibilities concerning TRUST.

Truthfulness – meeting responsibilities concerning truth-telling.

Trustworthiness – Meeting responsibilities concerning trust.

In a negative sense it means to undetermined integrity by violating ONE’s fundamental moral principles.

In a positive sense, however, it means to settle differences by mutual CONCESSIONS or to reconcile CONFLICTS through adjustments in ATTITUDE and CONDUCT.

In a negative sense it means to undetermined integrity by violating one’s fundamental moral principles.

In a positive sense, however, it means to settle differences by mutual concessions or to reconcile conflicts through adjustments in attitude and conduct.

INTEGRITY is the BRIDGE between responsibility in private and professional LIFE.

Integrity is the bridge between responsibility in private and professional life.

Attaining standards of achievement in education, job performance or creativity in engineering that distinguish engineers from engineering technicians and technologists.

Accepting as PART of their PROFESSIONAL obligations as least the most basic moral responsibilities to the public as well as to their EMPLOYERS, CLIENTS, colleagues and subordinates.

Attaining standards of achievement in education, job performance or creativity in engineering that distinguish engineers from engineering technicians and technologists.

Accepting as part of their professional obligations as least the most basic moral responsibilities to the public as well as to their employers, clients, colleagues and subordinates.

• KNOWLEDGE
• ORGANIZATION
• PUBLIC GOOD

Authority PROVIDES the FRAMEWORK in which LEARNING can take PLACE.

Authority provides the framework in which learning can take place.

Kohlberg gives greater emphasis to RECOGNIZING rights and ABSTRACT universal rules.

Gilligan stresses the importance of MAINTAINING PERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS based on mutual caring.

Kohlberg gives greater emphasis to recognizing rights and abstract universal rules.

Gilligan stresses the importance of maintaining personal relationships based on mutual caring.

• Self-determining
• Independent
• PERSONAL INVOLVEMENT
• Exercises based on the MORAL concern for other PEOPLE and recognition of good moral reasons.

• IDENTIFY the relevant moral factors and reasons.
• Gather all available facts that are pertinent to the moral factors involved.
• Rank the moral CONSIDERATIONS in order of importance as they apply to the SITUATION.
• Consider alternative courses of actions as ways of resolving dilemma, tracing the full implications of each.
• GET suggestions and alternative perspectives on the dilemma.
• By WEIGHING all the relevant moral factors and reasons in light of the facts, produce a reasoned judgment.

• VAGUENESS
• CONFLICTING REASONS
• DISAGREEMENT

Normative INQUIRY – Based on values.

Conceptual Inquiry – Based on MEANING.

FACTUAL Inquiry – Based in FACTS.

Normative Inquiry – Based on values.

Conceptual Inquiry – Based on meaning.

Factual Inquiry – Based in facts.

Micro-ethics: Deals about some typical and everyday PROBLEMS which play an important role in the field of engineering and in the profession of an engineer.

Macro-ethics: Deals with all the societal problems which are unknown and suddenly burst out on a REGIONAL or NATIONAL LEVEL.

Micro-ethics: Deals about some typical and everyday problems which play an important role in the field of engineering and in the profession of an engineer.

Macro-ethics: Deals with all the societal problems which are unknown and suddenly burst out on a regional or national level.

• An activity and AREA of inquiry.
• Ethical PROBLEMS, issues and controversies.
• Particular set of BELIEFS, attitudes and habits.
• Morally correct.

• RECOGNIZING a problem or its need.
• Gathering information and DEFINING the problem to be SOLVED or goal to be achieved.
• GENERATING alternative solutions or methods to achieve the goal.
• Evaluate benefits and costs of alternate solutions.
• DECISION making & optimization.
• Implementing the best solution.

MORAL:

• Refers only to PERSONAL behavior.
• Refers to any aspect of human ACTION.
• Social conventions about right or wrong conduct.

ETHICS:

• Involves defining, analyzing, evaluating and resolving moral problems and developing moral CRITERIA to guide human behavior.
• Critical reflection on what one does and why one does it.
• Refers only to professional behavior.

MORAL:

ETHICS:

• To responsibly CONFRONT moral ISSUES RAISED by technological activity.
• To RECOGNIZE and resolve moral DILEMMA.
• To achieve moral autonomy.

• Study of the moral issues and decisions confronting INDIVIDUALS and organizations engaged in ENGINEERING / profession.
• Study of related QUESTIONS about the moral IDEALS, character, policies and relationships of people and corporations involved in TECHNOLOGICAL activity.
• Moral standards / values and system of morals.

• Study of RIGHT or wrong.
• Good and EVIL.
• Obligations and rights.
• JUSTICE.
• SOCIAL and Political DEALS.