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when ATOMS lose electrons; they become deficient in negative CHARGES and THEREFORE behave as positively charged atoms.

when atoms lose electrons; they become deficient in negative charges and therefore behave as positively charged atoms.

Ruentgen DISCOVERED the X-radiation.

Ruentgen discovered the X-radiation.

48 IMPULSES.

48 impulses.

.25 SECONDS.

.25 seconds.

Impulses.

Impulses.

During residency: This varies from program to program depending on the number of sites covered and number of residents. At McMaster, we do call roughly 1 in 7 or 8 (averages out to 3-4 calls per month). We cover two sites on each call shift. Our hospitals have established a contrast policy whereby residents do not need to travel between sites, in order to cover contrast-enhanced examinations.

As a STAFF radiologist: Your call frequency will depend on the number of radiologists in your practice, as well as the imaging modalities and technologist/imaging hours your hospital offers. As a rough estimate, it there are 4 radiologists in your group, you will be on-call 1 in 4; if there are 13 of you, then it's 1 in 13, etc.

This may change if you have specialized skills, such as in interventional radiology. The other determinant of call depends on whether you are working at an academic centre (with resident and fellow call-coverage) or a community setting. For the latter, another FACTOR which INFLUENCES the busyness of your call is whether or not your centre provides 24/7 CT, US or MRI imaging.

During residency: This varies from program to program depending on the number of sites covered and number of residents. At McMaster, we do call roughly 1 in 7 or 8 (averages out to 3-4 calls per month). We cover two sites on each call shift. Our hospitals have established a contrast policy whereby residents do not need to travel between sites, in order to cover contrast-enhanced examinations.

As a staff radiologist: Your call frequency will depend on the number of radiologists in your practice, as well as the imaging modalities and technologist/imaging hours your hospital offers. As a rough estimate, it there are 4 radiologists in your group, you will be on-call 1 in 4; if there are 13 of you, then it's 1 in 13, etc.

This may change if you have specialized skills, such as in interventional radiology. The other determinant of call depends on whether you are working at an academic centre (with resident and fellow call-coverage) or a community setting. For the latter, another factor which influences the busyness of your call is whether or not your centre provides 24/7 CT, US or MRI imaging.

There are far too many to LIST. Any DISEASE or patient presentation that can possibly have a physical/imaging manifestation from the cranial vertex down to the TIPS of the toes is a POSSIBILITY in the radiology department. There's a lot to know, but that's what makes it challenging and satisfying!

There are far too many to list. Any disease or patient presentation that can possibly have a physical/imaging manifestation from the cranial vertex down to the tips of the toes is a possibility in the radiology department. There's a lot to know, but that's what makes it challenging and satisfying!

COMBINED imaging techniques, such as PET-CT OFFER exciting future opportunities for disease detection and monitoring

1. Functional MR imaging.
2. Molecular imaging.
3. CARDIAC MR and CT.
4. Breast MRI.
5. Expanding INTERVENTIONAL techniques.

Combined imaging techniques, such as PET-CT offer exciting future opportunities for disease detection and monitoring

Radiology is a medical specialty that EMPLOYS the USE of imaging to both diagnose and treat disease visualised within the HUMAN body. Radiologists use an array of imaging technologies (such as X-ray radiography, ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), nuclear medicine, positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic RESONANCE imaging (MRI) to diagnose or treat DISEASES. Interventional radiology is the performance of (usually minimally invasive) medical procedures with the guidance of imaging technologies.

Radiology is a medical specialty that employs the use of imaging to both diagnose and treat disease visualised within the human body. Radiologists use an array of imaging technologies (such as X-ray radiography, ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), nuclear medicine, positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to diagnose or treat diseases. Interventional radiology is the performance of (usually minimally invasive) medical procedures with the guidance of imaging technologies.

Maintenance processes in X-ray unit includes :

Check for radiation LEAKAGE: Once in a month you can check for radiation leakage by checking radiation shielding ( broken window, broken collimator, glass or shutter, hole in the wall).

Operation in Positive Beam Limitation (PBL): Make SURE that the x-rays are inhibited when in the PBL model and not at 72” or 42” SID. This should be done on a daily basis.

Check for FILTER or mirror: If kV is greater than 49kV even when collimator filter is off, exposure to x-rays must be inhibited. The ready light should be turned off. This check can ALSO be done on daily basis.

Maintenance processes in X-ray unit includes :

Check for radiation leakage: Once in a month you can check for radiation leakage by checking radiation shielding ( broken window, broken collimator, glass or shutter, hole in the wall).

Operation in Positive Beam Limitation (PBL): Make sure that the x-rays are inhibited when in the PBL model and not at 72” or 42” SID. This should be done on a daily basis.

Check for filter or mirror: If kV is greater than 49kV even when collimator filter is off, exposure to x-rays must be inhibited. The ready light should be turned off. This check can also be done on daily basis.

A densitometer is USED to STUDY the relationship between the intensity of the exposure of the film and the BLACKNESS after processing.

A densitometer is used to study the relationship between the intensity of the exposure of the film and the blackness after processing.

The most sensitive CELLS in humans to X- RADIATION are small lymphocytes. It MEANS over EXPOSURE to X-radiation will first affect your immune system.

The most sensitive cells in humans to X- radiation are small lymphocytes. It means over exposure to X-radiation will first affect your immune system.

The SCIENTIFIC unit of measurement for radiation DOSE is millisievert (MSV). Other radiation dose measurement includes rad, rem, ROENTGEN, SIEVERT and gray.

The scientific unit of measurement for radiation dose is millisievert (mSv). Other radiation dose measurement includes rad, rem, roentgen, sievert and gray.

An X-ray tube consists of :

1. Cathode.
2. ANODE.
3. Expansion BELLOW.
4. Tube envelop.
5. Tube housing.
6. Cooling di-electric oil.
7. Rotor.
8. INDUCTION STATOR.
9. Tube window.

An X-ray tube consists of :

X-ray tubes are ENERGY converter; it RECEIVES the electrical energy and CONVERTS into two other forms X-radiation and heat. The electrons are converted to PROTONS information of X-radiation, while the heat emitted is considered an undesirable product.

X-ray tubes are energy converter; it receives the electrical energy and converts into two other forms X-radiation and heat. The electrons are converted to protons information of X-radiation, while the heat emitted is considered an undesirable product.

In the film packet, the lead foil SHEET is USED to PROTECT the film from the back-scattered RADIATION.

In the film packet, the lead foil sheet is used to protect the film from the back-scattered radiation.

• To capture INTERNAL view of the body, X-ray uses radiation – MRI uses the water in our body and the PROTON in the water molecules to capture the internal view of the body. It uses magnetic radiation.
• X-rays are mostly used to study the structure of bones and teeth. – MRI are used for multiple purposes like analysis of soft tissue, spinal cord injury, ligament and tendon injury, brain tumors, etc.
• A complete scam is done in few seconds – Scanning typically runs for about 30 minutes.
• Excess exposure may cause irreversible damage like cancer – There is no side effects of MRI.
• X-ray does not have EFFICIENCY to capture an image from a different angle, patient himself have to adjust their position for taking image from a different angle. – 3D isotropic imaging can be produce and in any other plane with MRI.
• X-rays are cheaper and LESS space occupying than MRI – MRI needs more room, and its expensive compared to X-rays.

In DENTAL x-rays, electro-magnetic RADIATION are USED.

In dental x-rays, electro-magnetic radiation are used.

A grid is sometimes placed in a cassette to avoid SCATTER radiation from the FILM and DIMINISHING the DETAIL of the IMAGE.

A grid is sometimes placed in a cassette to avoid scatter radiation from the film and diminishing the detail of the image.

EMULSION is the most IMPORTANT component of x-ray FILM, it is made up of silver halide crystals suspended in gelatin. The x-rays from the intensifying SCREENS INTERACT with emulsion and transform information to the film.

Emulsion is the most important component of x-ray film, it is made up of silver halide crystals suspended in gelatin. The x-rays from the intensifying screens interact with emulsion and transform information to the film.

The OPTIMAL TEMPERATURE of the DEVELOPER SOLUTION is 68-degree F.

The optimal temperature of the developer solution is 68-degree F.

The latent effect in radiology is referred to the TIME DURATION between the exposure to RADIATION and the findings of clinical SIGNS.

The latent effect in radiology is referred to the time duration between the exposure to radiation and the findings of clinical signs.

The early CLINICAL sign of EXCESSIVE acute exposure to RADIATION is ERYTHEMA.

The early clinical sign of excessive acute exposure to radiation is ERYTHEMA.

In U.S.A, The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) monitors the manufacture and sale of the devices. While, State Health Department KEEPS the watch on the use and release of radioactive MATERIALS along with manufacture and sale. NRC (Nuclear Regulatory COMMISSION) and DOE (Department of Energy) will monitor how PEOPLE work with various devices and radioactive materials.

In U.S.A, The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) monitors the manufacture and sale of the devices. While, State Health Department keeps the watch on the use and release of radioactive materials along with manufacture and sale. NRC (Nuclear Regulatory Commission) and DOE (Department of Energy) will monitor how people work with various devices and radioactive materials.

If a person is EXPOSED to x-rays for medical purpose, then it should not be DANGEROUS as it emits a LOW level of radiation. However, if he/she is exposed for longer duration then it will be dangerous.

If a person is exposed to x-rays for medical purpose, then it should not be dangerous as it emits a low level of radiation. However, if he/she is exposed for longer duration then it will be dangerous.

It will PRODUCE an ELONGATION of TOOTH IMAGES.

It will produce an elongation of tooth images.

The UNIT of x-rays EXPOSURE is IMPULSES.

The unit of x-rays exposure is impulses.

Radiologist uses an array of imaging technologies that INCLUDES

1. X-rays radiography.
2. ULTRASOUND.
3. Computed tomography.
4. Nuclear medicines.
5. POSITRON emission tomography (PET).
6. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI).

Radiologist uses an array of imaging technologies that includes

X-rays are the type of radiation with a specific wavelength. When it passes through human BODY, different tissues ABSORB this radiation differently, depending upon the tissues DENSITY. Moreover, based on the body tissue and bone density, it will create an image on the film.

X-rays are the type of radiation with a specific wavelength. When it passes through human body, different tissues absorb this radiation differently, depending upon the tissues density. Moreover, based on the body tissue and bone density, it will create an image on the film.