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Correct answer is (d) Premature ventricular CONTRACTION

For explanation I WOULD say: An ectopic beat is a beat, which STARTS in an abnormal location in the heart and is OFTEN premature, therefore also CALLED premature ventricular contraction (PVC), i.e. it occurs sooner than the next expected beat.

Correct choice is (b) hollow fiber DIALYZER

To elaborate: The KIIL dialyzer has earlier been the most commonly used form of parallel flow dialyzer. It CONSISTS of THREE polypropylene BOARDS with dialyzing membranes laid between them. The boards are held firmly with a frame on the top and bottom and are fastened by a series of BOLTS on the side.

The correct option is (b) False

To elaborate: It is false. The GLOMERULAR filtrate consists of BLOOD plasma without proteins. The fluid pressure within the tuft forces some of the fluid part of the blood, by filtration, through the THIN WALLS of the capillaries into the glomerulus and on into the tubule of the nephron.

Correct OPTION is (a) True

Explanation: It is true. The dialysate is an electrolyte solution of suitable COMPOSITION and the dialysis takes place across a membrane of cellophane. The RETURN of the dialyzed blood is by another plastic tube to an appropriate vein.

Right ANSWER is (c) 15 litres

The best explanation: The total extra-cellular FLUID amounts to about15 litres. Some of the re-absorption from the glomerular filtrate is also a passive, AUTOMATIC process of diffusion depending upon pressure gradients. The total blood FLOW through the KIDNEYS is about 1200 ml/min.

Right choice is (d) low pass filter

Best EXPLANATION: Low pass filter amplifies SIGNALS below a CERTAIN frequency. Band pass filter amplifies frequencies with in a certain band. Band stop filter amplifies all the frequencies except those in a certain band. HIGH pass filter amplifies SIGNAL above a certain frequency.

Right choice is (a) True

For EXPLANATION I would say: The SYMPTOMS and signs of profound renal MALFUNCTION are KNOWN as uremia, meaning urine in the blood. Since most urinary contents are water-soluble, they reach high concentrations in blood and RESULT in deranged body parts and their physiology.

Right option is (B) dB

Explanation: CMRR is an important specification referred to the differential AMPLIFIER and is NORMALLY expressed as decibels. The ability of the amplifier to reject COMMON voltages on its two input leads is known as common-mode REJECTION. It is specified as the ratio of common-mode input to differential input to elicit the same response.

Correct answer is (c) spectral analysis

For explanation I would SAY: The process of OBTAINING the spectrum of a given signal using the basic MATHEMATICAL TOOLS is known as frequency or spectral analysis. The term spectrum is used when referring to the frequency content of a signal. Most BIOMEDICAL signals of practical interest can be decomposed into a sum of sinusoidal signal components.

Right answer is (d) DC bridge AMPLIFIER

Best explanation: DC bridge amplifiersare employed with resistive transducers which require an external source of excitation. Essentially, the amplifier COMPRISES of a stable dc excitation source, a bridge balance and calibration unit, a high gain differential dc amplifier and a dc output amplifier. They can be used as conventional dc high gain AMPLIFIERS and offer operating SIMPLICITY and high frequency response.

Correct answer is (b) dB

Explanation: CMRR is an important specification REFERRED to the differential amplifier and is NORMALLY expressed as decibels. The ability of the amplifier to reject common voltages on its TWO input leads is known as common-mode rejection. It is specified as the ratio of common-mode input to differential input to elicit the same RESPONSE.

Correct choice is (a) band PASS filter

To elaborate: Band pass filter AMPLIFIES frequencies WITHIN a certain band. Band stop filter amplifies all the frequencies except those in a certain band. High pass filter amplifies SIGNAL above a certain frequency. Low pass filter amplifies signals below a certain frequency.

Right answer is (a) carrier AMPLIFIERS

The best EXPLANATION: Carrier amplifiers are used with transducers which require an external source of excitation. They are characterized by high GAIN, negligible drift, EXTREMELY low noise and the ability to operate with resistive, INDUCTIVE or capacitive type transducers. They essentially contain a carrier oscillator, a bridge balance and calibration circuit, a high gain ac amplifier, a phase-sensitive detector and a dc output amplifier.

The correct choice is (c) priming volume

The best explanation: The volume of BLOOD within the DIALYZER is known as priming volume.It is desirable that this should be minimal. Priming volume of present DAY dialyzers ranges from 75 to 200 ml, depending on the membrane area geometry and operating conditions.

Right option is (d) ultra filtration

For explanation: The volume of body fluid cannot be controlled by dialysis. Instead, ultra-filtration ACROSS the membrane is employed. For this, a positive PRESSURE is applied to the blood COMPARTMENT or a negative pressure established in the dialysate compartment. Either WAY, fluid—both WATER and electrolytes—will move from the blood compartment to the dialysate, which is subsequently discarded.

Correct option is (d) nephrons

The EXPLANATION: Each kidney consists of about a million individual units, all similar in structure and function. These TINY units are called nephrons.A nephron is composed of TWO parts—a cluster of capillary loops called the glomerulus and a TUBULE.

Correct option is (a) True

For explanation: It is true. A WAVELET TRANSFORM is almost always implemented as a bank of filters that decompose a signal into multiple signal bands. Wavelets are a relatively new signal processing method. Thus, one of the biggest advantages of using the wavelet transform is that signal features can be easily extracted. In many cases, a wavelet transform OUTPERFORMS the conventional FFT when it COMES to feature extraction and noise reduction. predictable, and software simulations can exactly reflect product PERFORMANCE.

The correct option is (a) True

The best I can explain: CMRR of the preamplifiers should be as high as POSSIBLE so that only the wanted signals find a way through the amplifier and all unwanted signals get rejected in the preamplifier stage. The ability of the amplifier to reject these COMMON voltages on its two INPUT leads is known as common-mode rejection and is specified as the ratio of common-mode input to differential input to elicit the same response. CMRR is an important specification REFERRED to the differential amplifier and is normally EXPRESSED as decibels.

Right option is (a) RESISTANCE

To elaborate: Resistance technique is not employed in making isolation devices. The isolation devices pass the signal from its SOURCE to the measurement device without a physical or GALVANIC connection by USING transformer, OPTICAL or capacitive coupling technique.

Correct option is (b) dB

To explain I would SAY: CMRR is an important SPECIFICATION REFERRED to the differential amplifier and is NORMALLY expressed as decibels. The ability of the amplifier to reject common voltages on its two input leads is known as common-mode rejection. It is specified as the ratio of common-mode input to differential input to elicit the same RESPONSE.

Right option is (b) negative

Explanation: DC amplifiers are generally of the negative FEEDBACK type. They are used for medium GAIN APPLICATIONS down to about 1 MV signal levels for full scale. They are not practical for very low level applications because of dc drift and poor common-mode REJECTION capabilities.

Right answer is (B) CATHODE Ray Oscilloscope

Explanation: Cathode ray oscilloscopes are widely used for the display of waveforms ENCOUNTERED in the medical field. These waveforms can be recorded from the CRO screen by running a PHOTOGRAPHIC film through a recording camera fixed in front of the screen. Recorders are either of the single channel type or of the type which record several channels simultaneously.

Correct answer is (a) True

The explanation is: For faithful reproduction of the input signal, three BASIC CONDITIONS must be SATISFIED by the individual parts of the system. These requirements are linearity over the required range of signal amplitudes and an adequate PASSBAND for the frequencies involved without producing any phase shift between the input and recorded signal.

The correct answer is (C) resistive COUPLED isolation AMPLIFIERS

Best explanation: There is nothing such as the resistive coupled isolation amplifiers. All the other three TYPES are in common use, though the transformer isolation amplifier is more popular. Opto-coupled amplifier uses a minimum number of components and is cost effective, followed by the transformer coupled amplifier. The capacitor coupled amplifier is the most EXPENSIVE.

Right option is (a) True

The best I can EXPLAIN: True. In order to be able to minimize the effects of CHANGES occurring in the ELECTRODE IMPEDANCES, it is necessary to employ a preamplifier having a high input impedance. It has been found that a low value of input impedance gives rise to considerable distortion of the recordings.

Right answer is (b) False

For EXPLANATION: DC amplifiers are not PRACTICAL for very LOW level applications because of dc drift and poor common-mode rejection capabilities. They are usually employed as pen drive amplifiers in direct writing recorders. They are used for medium gain applications down to about 1 mV SIGNAL levels for full scale.

The correct answer is (b) reverse biased

To elaborate: The photodiode is a P-N junction semiconductor diode. It ALWAYS operated in the REVERSED biased condition. The LIGHT is always focused through a glass lens on the junction of the photo diode.

Right ANSWER is (d) x > 100

Easiest explanation: There are 2 TYPES of arrhythmias,i)Bradycardia-when the heartrate is to slow(less than 60), II)Tachycardia-when the heartrate is to fast(greater than 100).Here the answer is Bradycardia because,heart RATE is less than 60.

The correct CHOICE is (a) 0.5-4Hz

Easiest explanation: The delta wave in EEG ranges from 0.5-4Hz. The THETA wave in EEG ranges from 4-8Hz. The alpha wave in EEG ranges from 8-13Hz and BETA from 13-22Hz.

The correct option is (a) STRAIN GAUGE

Explanation: Strain gauge transducer is an active transducer. Its working PRINCIPLE is BASED on a change in resistance. Ultrasonic transducers need power to OPERATE. So do the IR sensors and doppler effect transducers.

Right answer is (B) False

For EXPLANATION: False. Digital filters are INSENSITIVE to temperature as compared with analog filters. They are also insensitive to ageing, voltage drift and external interference as compared to analog filters. Their response is completely reproducible and predictable, and SOFTWARE simulations can exactly reflect product performance.

The CORRECT answer is (C) LM337

Easiest explanation: LM337 is a VARIABLE negative voltage regulator IC. It is CAPABLE of drawing CURRENT up to 1.5A and voltage range from (-1.25V) – (-30V) ideally. LM317 is a variable positive voltage regulator IC. 7905 and 7912 are fixed voltage regulator IC that give output voltage as -5V and -12V respectively.

The correct option is (d) Dynamic time warping

The best explanation: The necessity for early detection of the arrhythmias led to the ESTABLISHMENT of coronary care units in HOSPITALS for the intensive monitoring and treatment of such patients. The attempt in these units was to effectively CARRY out RESUSCITATION techniques such as cardiac massage and transthoracic defibrillation.

The correct answer is (a) CUPRAPHAN

For EXPLANATION I would say: Cupraphan is the COMMONLY used membrane for haemodialysis. It is a membrane consisting of natural cellulose and is considered puncture-proof, and of high tenacity and elasticity. During haemodialysis, different SUBSTANCES of varying MOLECULAR weight are to be removed.

Correct option is (b) high permeability to WATER

The best I can explain: The ideal membrane should POSSESS high permeability to water, organic metabolites and ions, and the capability of retaining plasma proteins. The membrane should be of sufficient wet strength to RESIST tearing or bursting and non-toxic to BLOOD and all body cells.

Right option is (b) Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation

Easy explanation: Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation, USA is an association for propelling the advancement, and protected and POWERFUL utilization of restorative innovation established in 1965 by Robert D. Corridor, Jr. what’s more, Robert J. Allen, President and VICE President individually of Tech/Reps, INC. AAMI is an intentional association, and in spite of the fact that its suggested practices and gauges once in a while reverberate other social insurance rules, consistency with these models isn’t REALLY required by administrative ASSOCIATIONS that review medicinal services offices.

Correct ANSWER is (a) fourier

For explanation I would say: It is called a Fourier series. The term SPECTRUM is used when referring to the FREQUENCY content of a signal. The process of OBTAINING the spectrum of a given signal using the basic mathematical tools is known as a frequency or spectral ANALYSIS.

Correct choice is (a) True

To explain I WOULD say: The CARRIER amplifier consists of an oscillator and a capacitance COUPLED amplifier. The oscillator is used to energize the TRANSDUCER with an alternating carrier voltage. The transducers, which REQUIRE ac excitation, are those whose impedance is not purely resistive.

The correct answer is (a) wavelet transform

The best explanation: The wavelet transform has very good time resolution at high frequencies and good frequency resolution at low frequencies. In biomedical engineering, wavelet transform have been widely used in many research areas including spatial filtering, edge DETECTION, FEATURE extraction, data compression, pattern recognition, speech recognition, image compression and texture analysis. Wavelets are a relatively new signal processing method. A wavelet transform is almost ALWAYS IMPLEMENTED as a bank of filters that decompose a signal into multiple signal bands. It separates and retains the signal features in one or a few of these bands.

Right CHOICE is (c) notch filter

For explanation I would say: Such filters are called notch filters. Almost all MEASURING and recording applications are subjected to some degree of 50HZ noise picked up from the power lines or machinery. Therefore, most signal conditioners include low pass filter designed SPECIFICALLY to provide maximum REJECTION of 50 Hz noise.

Right answer is (a) True

To elaborate: RHYTHM statements concerned with the site and rate of the CARDIAC pacemaker and the propagation of impulses through the conduction system is true because the other TYPE of the diagnostic statements is Morphological statements and it is primarily based on ECG wave shapes that ATTEMPT to describe the state of the working muscle masses.

Correct ANSWER is (c) common mode REJECTION ratio

To explain: The ability of the AMPLIFIER to reject common voltages on its two input LEADS is known as common-mode rejection. It is specified as the ratio of common-mode input to DIFFERENTIAL input to elicit the same response. It is abbreviated as CMRR (Common-mode rejection ratio).

The correct choice is (d) Very low CMRR

The explanation: Instrumentational amplifiers have very high CMRR. The instrumentation amplifier offers the following advantages for its applications in the biomedical FIELD. Some of them are like EXTREMELY high input IMPEDANCE, low bias and offset currents, high slew rate.