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Right option is (a) True

Easy explanation: It is true. Besides breaking ground loops, isolation blocks high voltage surges and rejects high COMMON mode VOLTAGES. The isolation devices pass the signal from its source to the measurement device without a physical or galvanic connection by USING transformer, optical or capacitive coupling TECHNIQUE.

Right answer is (b) VENTRICULAR-ectopic BEAT

Explanation: Sometimes irritation occurs in the ventricles, the self-triggering IMPULSE does not arrive through the node and thus travels a DIFFERENT and slower path in spreading over the ventricles. The QRS wave then becomes widened, and is classified as a ventricular ectopic beat. This ectopic beat is classified from ventricles so it is called as a ventricular ectopic beat.

Right option is (b) 1200 ml/min

The best explanation: The total blood flow through the kidneys is about 1200 ml/min. The absorption of electrolytes such as SODIUM and potassium is partly controlled by the supra-renal gland and the CONCENTRATION of others, like CHLORIDE and bicarbonate, is related to the acid-base balance. Some of the re-absorption from the glomerular filtrate is also a passive, automatic PROCESS of diffusion depending upon pressure gradients.

The correct option is (c) progressive decrease in the number of FUNCTIONING neurons

The explanation is: Chronic renal failure results in changes in the body FLUIDS which occur due to a progressive decrease in the number of functioning nephrons. With the decrease in functional nephrons, the clearance of urea, creatinine and other METABOLIC WASTE products will decrease proportionally. In CONSEQUENCE, the plasma concentrations of these substances will rise.

Right ANSWER is (b) millions

Explanation: Each kidney consists of millions number of nephrons.A NEPHRON is composed of TWO parts—a cluster of capillary loops called the glomerulus and a tubule. The tubule runs a tortuous COURSE and ultimately DRAINS via a collecting duct into the funnel-shaped expansion of the upper end of the ureter, i.e. the tube which conveys urine from the kidney to the bladder.

Right answer is (b) differential amplifiers

The best I can explain: Differential amplifier is one which will REJECT any COMMON MODE signal that appears simultaneously at both amplifier input terminals and amplifies only the VOLTAGE difference that appears across its input terminals. Most of the amplifiers used for measuring BIOELECTRIC signals are of the differential type. AC amplifiers have a limited frequency response and are, therefore, used only for special medical applications such as electrocardiograph machine.

The correct choice is (a) kidney

Best explanation: The main function of the kidneys is to form urine out of blood plasma, which basically consists of two processes: (i) the removal of waste PRODUCTS from blood plasma, and (ii) the regulation of the COMPOSITION of blood plasma. The human body has two kidneys which lie in the back of the ABDOMINAL cavity just below the diaphragm, ONE on each side of the vertebral COLUMN.

Correct ANSWER is (a) renal arteries

Explanation: The renal arteries carry blood at very HIGH pressure from the aorta into the glomerular CAPILLARY tuft. The blood pressure within the glomerular capillaries is 70–90 MM of mercury. The blood flow through the capillary tuft is CONTROLLED by the state of contraction of the muscle of the arteriole leading to the tuft.

Correct answer is (b) TWO

Easy explanation: The human body has two kidneys which LIE in the BACK of the abdominal cavity just below the diaphragm, one on each side of the vertebral COLUMN. Each KIDNEY consists of about a million individual units, all similar in structure and function. The main function of the kidneys is to form urine out of blood plasma.

The correct option is (a) True

For EXPLANATION I would say: It is true. The KIIL dialyzer is not disposable. It needs to be CLEANED and re-built after each DIALYSIS operation. With this type of dialyzer, a single-pass body TEMPERATURE dialysate passes through the dialyzer once before going to the drain to obtain higher operational efficiency and to minimize bacterial infection.

The correct ANSWER is (c) 3

Easiest explanation: Heart wall is made up of three layers. FIRST pericardium which is the OUTER layer of the heart. Second is the myocardium which is the middle layer of the hear and finally endocardium which is the inner layer of the heart wall.

The correct answer is (C) 1-1.5 L

To EXPLAIN: The amount of urine formed by an average KIDNEY in one day is1-1.5 L. The total amount of glomerular filtrate is about 180 litres per day. Very large amounts of water and other substances are re-absorbed by the kidney tubules.

The CORRECT choice is (b) QRS wave

To elaborate: Sometimes irritation occurs in the ventricles, the self-triggering impulse does not arrive through the node and thus TRAVELS a DIFFERENT and SLOWER path in spreading over the ventricles. The QRS wave then becomes widened and is CLASSIFIED as a ventricular ectopic beat.

The correct answer is (b) Fourier transform

Best explanation: For the class of finite energy signals, the decomposition is called the Fourier transform.For the class of periodic signals, such decomposition is called a Fourier series. The PROCESS of obtaining the spectrum of a given signal USING the basic MATHEMATICAL tools is known as a frequency or spectral ANALYSIS.

Correct option is (a) 180 liters

To EXPLAIN I WOULD say: The total amount of glomerular filtrate is about 180 LITRES per day, WHEREAS the amount of urine formed from it is only 1–1.5l. This means that very large amounts of water, and other SUBSTANCES, are re-absorbed by the kidney tubules.

Right answer is (a) 3

To explain I would say: Bio POTENTIAL has three INPUT terminals. Out of the three one is arranges at the reference potential. The other two are live terminals. Bio potential amplifiers are also known as differential amplifiers. The differential amplifier is employed when it is necessary to measure the voltage DIFFERENCE between two POINTS, both of them varying in amplitude at different rates and in different patterns.

Correct option is (d) isolaters

To EXPLAIN I WOULD SAY: Such DEVICES are called isolaters. IMPROPER grounding of the system is one of the most common causes of measurement problem and noise. Signal conditioners with isolation can prevent these problems. Besides breaking ground loops, isolation blocks high voltage surges and rejects high common mode voltages.

Correct CHOICE is (a) lowest level

To explain I would say: Counter-current FLOW through the artificial kidney is used so that the dialysate enters the kidney at the blood exit-end where blood CONCENTRATION of waste PRODUCTS is at the lowest level. The removal of waste products during dialysis is proportional to the concentration gradient across the membrane. In order to effect the MAXIMUM gradient, the concentration of waste products in the dialysate should be maintained at zero.

The correct answer is (d) w = Angular frequency of the component

Easy EXPLANATION: w = Angular frequency of the component is the correct answer. Other all are the incorrect explanation of the variables. A = An FFT coefficient

 F = The phase angle of the component and t = TIME.

Right ANSWER is (c) multiple GROUNDING

For explanation: Having multiple grounds in a single circuit increases the electromagnetic coupling effect by producing ground LOOP which may generate so much noise that it may completely obscure the useful SIGNAL. Thus, the electromagnetic coupling is reduced by shielding, wire twisting and proper grounding which provide a balanced signal pair with satisfactory noise rejection characteristics.

The correct OPTION is (a) (difference of the two input voltage)*(feedback resistance/input resistance)

EASIEST EXPLANATION: The output of DIFFERENTIAL gain is GIVEN by (difference of the two input voltage)*(feedback resistance/input resistance). gain is given by (feedback resistance/input resistance). The input resistances of but the inputs are the same.

The correct answer is (c) 3

Explanation: Chopper stabilized dc AMPLIFIERS are used for low level but preferably wideband APPLICATIONS such as oscilloscopes, tape recorders and LIGHT beam oscilloscope recorders. These are complex amplifiers having three amplifiers incorporated in the module. This includes an ac amplifier for SIGNALS above about 20 Hz, a dc chopper input amplifier for signals from about 20 Hz down to dc plus wideband feedback stabilized dc amplifier.

The correct choice is (b) dc amplifiers

Easiest explanation: AC amplifiers have a limited frequency response and are, therefore, USED only for SPECIAL medical applications such as electrocardiograph MACHINE. For electrocardiograms, an ac amplifier with SENSITIVITY, GIVING 0.5 mV/cm, and a frequency response up to 1 kHz and an input impedance of 2 to 5 MW is used. For such applications as retinography, EEG and EMG, more sensitive ac amplifiers are required, giving a chart sensitivity of say 50 mV/cm with a high input impedance of over 10 MW.

Right option is (b) False

To elaborate: Signal conditioning is of great importance in measuring and RECORDING system. They determine the range, accuracy and resolution of the system. Signal conditioning includes EITHER HARDWARE BASED or software based linearization routines for this purpose.

Correct choice is (a) LM317

For explanation: LM317 is a variable positive voltage regulator IC. It is capable of drawing CURRENT up to 1.5A and voltage range from 1.25V- 30V IDEALLY. LM337 is a variable negative voltage regulator IC. 7805 and 7812 are fixed voltage regulator IC that give output voltage as 5V and 12V respectively.

Correct option is (c) kidney

Explanation: The human BODY has two kidneys which lie in the back of the ABDOMINAL cavity just below the diaphragm, one on each side of the vertebral COLUMN. The MAIN function of the kidneys is to form urine out of blood plasma, which basically consists of two processes: (i) the removal of waste products from blood plasma, and (II) the regulation of the composition of blood plasma.

The CORRECT option is (B) High

Best explanation: This shows that high input impedance is very necessary in order to obtain a high CMRR. Also, the electrode skin resistance should be low and as nearly EQUAL as possible.In order to be able to MINIMIZE the effects of changes occurring in the electrode impedances, it is necessary to employ a preamplifier having a high input impedance.

The correct ANSWER is (a) Isolation amplifiers

To explain I would say: Isolation amplifiers are commonly used for PROVIDING PROTECTION against leakage currents. They break the ohmic continuity of electric signals between the input and OUTPUT of the amplifier. The isolation includes different supply voltage sources and different grounds on each side of the isolation barrier.

Correct answer is (a) True

Explanation: The isolation includes different SUPPLY voltage SOURCES and different grounds on each SIDE of the isolation barrier. Three methods are used in the design of isolation amplifiers: (i) transformer isolation (ii) OPTICAL isolation (iii) capacitive isolation. Isolation amplifiers are COMMONLY used for providing protection against leakage currents.

Right answer is (b) False

To ELABORATE: It is false. Kidney plays an important role in MAINTAINING the acid-base balance. The water and electrolyte content of the blood plasma and, THEREFORE, indirectly of the extra-cellular fluid are closely controlled by the kidneys. The blood plasma and the extra-cellular fluid are in equilibrium with each other and, therefore, an amount of blood equivalent to all the extra-cellular fluid can PASS through the kidneys once every 15 minutes.

The CORRECT option is (c) Pro-diuretic HORMONE

Easiest EXPLANATION: The re-absorption is partly an automatic process because the absorption of water is accurately controlled by the anti-diuretic hormone of the pituitary gland, in relation to the body’s need for water. The absorption of electrolytes such as sodium and potassium is partly controlled by the supra-renal gland and the concentration of others, like chloride and bicarbonate, is related to the acid-base balance.

Correct choice is (b) which REQUIRES bridge completion circuitry and an excitation source

Best explanation: Strain gauges are resistance devices in a Wheat STONE bridge CONFIGURATION which requires bridge completion circuitry and an excitation source. These devices require EXTERNAL voltage or current excitation. Signal conditioning part of the measurement system usually provides the excitation signals.

Correct option is (d) 70-90 mmHg

Easiest explanation: The blood PRESSURE within the glomerular capillaries is 70–90 mm of mercury. The blood flow through the capillary tuft is controlled by the state of contraction of the muscle of the ARTERIOLE leading to the tuft. The RENAL ARTERIES carry blood at very high pressure from the aorta into the glomerular capillary tuft.

Correct option is (a) renal FAILURE

The explanation: Uremia is the clinical state resulting from renal failure. The SIGNS and symptoms of uremia are EXTREMELY DIVERSE and frequently appear to point to a disease of other organs. Uremia affects EVERY organ of the body as certain substances that accumulate in uremia are clearly toxic.

Correct option is (a) True

For explanation: True. Chopper INPUT dc amplifiersare PREFERRED for low level INPUTS to instrumentation systems because of their high sensitivity, negligible drift and excellent common MODE rejection capability. Their high FREQUENCY response is limited to about one half of the input chopper frequency.