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Correct choice is (C) Valves

Explanation: The valves of the heart REGULATE the incoming and outgoing of the blood which can CAUSE mechanical stress to them and lead to stenosis. Due to this stenosis, the valves do not close properly and so regurgitation of blood or dripping of blood may HAPPEN which can cause cardiac problems. Once these valves are replaced, the normal FUNCTIONS of the heart can be recovered.

Right answer is (b) Essential Amino Acids

To EXPLAIN I WOULD say: A protein is a long chain of various amino acids which may or may not be needed by the body. Since proteins are the building BLOCKS of the body, doing away with proteins cannot be done however taking proteins will harm the damaged kidney. In such CASES, essential amino acids are ingested instead of taking in proteins. These essential amino acids are directly absorbed by the body. This ALLOWS the body to function normally and the pressure on the kidney is kept at the minimum.

Right choice is (b) increased potassium

For explanation: The cell systems use sodium and potassium to transmit impulses. The neural systems also use these two IONS. However, the body uses potassium more than sodium when it comes to TRANSMITTING impulses. Thus, when a person is SUFFERING from neural problems, ESPECIALLY when the impulses are being transmitted slowly, increasing the levels of potassium in the body helps stabilize it.

Right answer is (a) CELLULOSE

For explanation: Cellulose is an easily available material which does not CAUSE any harm to the blood or BODY. It is cheap and with certain TAMPERING, it’s strength can be increased. It has a good pore size, small enough to stop the blood cells but large enough to pass out the WASTE products.

The correct option is (a) Hemoglobin based oxygen carriers, PERFLUOROCARBON emulsions

To explain: Perfluorocarbons are kind of hydrocarbons in which the HYDROGEN has been replaced by fluorine which makes them chemically INERT. Then various SUBSTANCES like water, salts and phospholipid surfactants are added and emulsified. These emulsions carry oxygen by trapping oxygen in their pores. Heamoglobin based oxygen carriers are vesicle like substances which can mimic the oxygen carrying properties of the haemoglobin so that the need for HUMAN haemoglobin can go down.

The correct answer is (d) it CAUSES the GI track to degenerate

The explanation: When the functioning of an organ system reduces, it STARTS degenerating. The same happens with GI track. If parenteral nutrition is given for a long period of TIME, then even though the body will meet its nutritional NEEDS but the GI track will start degenerating.

The CORRECT ANSWER is (c) surgical amputation of legs

Explanation: Scissoring gait is one WAY cerebral palsy is expressed. In this gait, the child does not walk straight but criss-crosses the leg i.e. putting the right leg in front of the left leg while walking. To correct this, an obstruction between the legs is given LIKE tying pillows or balls or making the child walk with a low wall in between. With this, the brain is slowly trained to walk straight.

The CORRECT answer is (c) fats, carbohydrates

Explanation: Diabetes is of two KINDS, one where the body cannot produce insulin and the second in which the cells have developed resistance to insulin so absorption of glucose has gone down. Thus, the amount of sugar in blood INCREASES. To control this, the level of fat intake can be increased. The lesser amount of fat is needed to satisfy hunger as compared to carbohydrates. Also, the energy produced by oxidation of fat is much higher. Thus, to control diabetes, CONSUMPTION of carbohydrates is REDUCED and the intake of fats is increased.

The correct option is (b) Burns

The explanation is: Burns are among the most dangerous and painful injury. Skin is the first line of defence of the body and performs many other functions. Thus, if the burns are severe or if a large part of the skin has been burned off, it is often FATAL for the person. If the burnt skin is removed from the body WITHIN a given time, it may cause infections but once the skin has been removed, regrowing it is a long and painful process. Thus, an artificial skin is a quick and a fast way. It can COVER the injured area and may slowly get DEGRADED or peeled off as the new skin GROWS over it.

The correct answer is (a) wear the brace in the form of socks or stiff shoes

For explanation I would say: Foot drop palsy happens when a person’s ankle muscles have LOST STRENGTH or the TENDON has been severely damaged. When a person suffering from foot drop palsy is walking, on raising their feet, the foot DROPS down completely. This can cause harm and to reduce this, a brace which holds the foot close to the calf at the normal POSITION should be worn.

Correct choice is (b) Hollow FIBRE

The explanation: The hollow fibre is dialyzer is a tube like structure with FIBERS planted in polyurathanes at the opposite ends. This forms hollow pipe like structures for the blood to flow through and ALLOW for the exchange of materials ACROSS the membrane.

Right answer is (c) Oscar Pistorius

The explanation: Oscar Pistorius is FAMOUS as the blade runner because he USES the C – Shaped artificial limb to move. It is a prosthetic leg that has been ATTACHED knee down. With the C – Shaped prosthetic legs, people are able to walk, run, cycle etc and live a normal life.

Correct choice is (C) Kidney

For explanation I would SAY: Liver and Kidney are both responsible for filtering and PURIFYING the BLOOD. If the kidney has been transplanted because it had been harmed by toxins, then the same toxins could have harmed the liver as well. A transplanted kidney will require the use of immuno – suppressants to reduce the risk of immunorejection. This can put further PRESSURE on the kidney and damage it.

Right OPTION is (b) Type 2 Diabetes

For explanation: Type 2 Diabetes is the most common form of diabetes. In this, the body produces a sufficient amount of insulin but the cells are unable to ABSORB the required amount in the body. This causes the GLUCOSE to stay in the bloodstream. In type 1 diabetes, the body is unable to produce sufficient amount of insulin.

The correct choice is (c) A pacemaker is an ASSISTIVE DEVICE which helps the ORIGINAL heart to generate impulses but a TAH completely replaces the heart

The explanation: As the answer says, pacemaker is an assistive device. The heart contracts due to the impulses generated by the SA NODE and the AV node. When these nodes are unable to generate SIGNALS, a pacemaker is used. A TAH is needed when the Purkinjee Fibers that cause the contractions in ventricles or the any of the cardiac muscles are damaged.

Correct choice is (C) density of the cells

The EXPLANATION is: A liver performs various functions like DESTROYING toxic substances, producing bile, a BREAKDOWN of the OLD and decaying blood cells etc. However, for this to happen, the liver needs a large number of cells but in a small area. Thus, this increases the density of the liver. So, one of the biggest problems is recreating the density of the cells.

Right answer is (a) Transcutaneus Electrical Nerve STIMULATION

The best I can explain: Transcutaneus Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) uses electrodes to stimulate the nerve and the MUSCLES. It generates mild electrical impulses and these impulses help move the muscles. It is a way to rehabilitate the injured part of the BODY and also to check how much muscle ACTIVITY is left POSSIBLE.

Right option is (a) Using hepatocytes to filter blood

Explanation: The liver performs MULTIPLE functions, all of which cannot be recreated externally. However, the function where the liver breaks the harmful substance into FILTERABLE substances that can be REMOVED by the kidney. In order to achieve this, the best possible solution to USE the hepatocytes, extracted from a liver and cultivated outside, to help in purification.

Correct option is (a) sodium

The best I can explain: Sodium and potassium are used by the body to conduct impulses but unlike potassium, sodium is a much smaller ion. This means it has higher electropositivity and a higher CAPACITY to ATTRACT negatively charged ions. It attracts water molecules and causes water retention, something which is very harmful to a PATIENT SUFFERING from high blood pressure. Thus, their sodium intake is reduced so that the excess water is not held back in blood and the pressure on the heart to circulate the larger volume of blood reduces.

Right choice is (c) Scissoring Gait

For explanation I would say: Cerebral Palsy is am OFTEN found the problem with young children. It is caused DUE to various factors, injury to the brain being the most prominent one. If a motor neuron has a lesion, then the signals that are sent to the legs do not reach properly and the child walks with a scissoring gait. In this walking pattern, the feet don’t FALL straight but they fall in front of each other. Thus, a CRISS – CROSS motion happens.

Correct answer is (b) Low blood supply to the cornea

The explanation: Cornea does not receive blood supply at all thus it cannot be a reason for blindness. The cornea simply a covering of the lens and PROTECTS it. The FOCAL length of the lens is changed by the ciliary muscles and these muscles receive blood supply. Even if the ciliary muscles stop RECEIVING blood, it will RESULT in conditions like myopia, hpyermetropia etc.

Correct answer is (b) 4 hours

Explanation: After the heart has been removed from the body, it can be KEPT alive for 4 hours. It is PLACED in a cool box where the temperatures are monitored to keep the heart alive. A miniature heart lung setup is also USED where the blood is made to circulate in the heart and it is kept alive. When this heart reaches the site of transplant, the DOCTORS assess if the heart is still healthy and FIT enough to be transplanted. After this, the transplantation takes place.

Correct OPTION is (a) PARENTERAL

The explanation: Parenteral nutrition is given to people directly in their veins. The food is in its most basic form, like Amino Acids instead of protein pulses, and can be absorbed by the BODY directly. It is given when the PERSON is unconscious, has had an OPERATION in the GI tract etc.

The correct choice is (b) 2 weeks

For explanation: After a person has suffered from a fracture, it is RECOMMENDED to REST for at least 2 weeks. In this period, the injury should ideally have no movement at all. After 2 weeks, simple WEIGHT bearing activities are done and eventually, normal functioning is recovered. Normally, it takes well over 2 months for even a simple fracture to HEAL completely but simple activities with the HELP of assistive devices can be started after 2 weeks of rest.

The correct choice is (b) Cataract is clouding up of the cornea while blindness happens if either retina, optic nerve or the occipital lobe is injured or damages

For explanation: Cataract is a physiological PROBLEM that occurs DUE to old age while blindness is mostly a neural problem. A person who is blind, either their light RECEPTORS, i.e. rods and cones are not functioning or the nerve that will carry the impulses to the BRAIN, i.e. the optic nerve is not functioning or the occipital lobe which is the receptor lobe for EYE impulses has been damaged.

Correct answer is (b) proteins

Easy explanation: Kidneys are the site of BLOOD PURIFICATION and the waste that is FLUSHED out is mostly nitrogenous in NATURE. This nitrogenous waste is produced due to the breakdown of proteins and amino acids. Thus, to reduce the pressure on kidneys, the intake of proteins is REDUCED.

The correct answer is (b) D

Explanation: Vitamin D helps the bones and muscles in ABSORBING VARIOUS nutrients. When the levels of Vitamin D in the body go down, the muscles FEEL fatigued as they are not ABLE to absorb the nutrients. The melanin pigments of the skin in the presence of sunlight produce Vitamin D but in case the levels go down, then Vitamin D is orally taken or injected in the muscles.

Right answer is (a) When the sensory hair in the auditory canal have been damaged

Easy explanation: The sound FINALLY reaches the cochlea of the ear which has FINE COCHLEAR hair. These are receptors of sound and they convert the sound impulses into electrical impulses which are received by the auditory nerve and then taken back to the temporal lobe to the brain. When these cochlear hair gets damaged, a cochlear IMPLANT is USED.

Correct option is (d) It damages the bones and skeletal muscles

Easiest explanation: The bones and the skeletal muscles function well when pressure is applied to them. It allows for better ABSORPTION of NUTRIENTS. When a young person uses a WHEEL chair for a long time, their bones and muscles stop absorbing the nutrients and the BODY becomes weak. Long use of wheelchairs by any population can cause other problems as well as the POOLING of blood, pressure sores etc.

The correct choice is (b) Peritoneal Dialysis

To explain: In this procedure, the diaphragm is used to conduct dialysis. There is cannula which allows the electrolyte to be entered in the body. The electrolytes stay in the body for up to 6 hours during which the PERSON’s BLOOD vessels and diaphragm act as FILTERING MEMBRANES and the unwanted products like creatinine and urea get filtered out. Then the stopper on the cannula is opened once more and the electrolyte is allowed to flow out.

Right option is (b) Artificial Hearts

Easy explanation: Jarvik 7 was the first artificial HEART to be made and APPROVED. It had TWO heart pumps and a power console. The heart pumps were placed where the original heart was supposed to be. It receives air from outside which allows the pumps to CONTRACT and cause circulation of blood.

AbioCor was the SECOND type of artificial heart to be developed. In this, the atrium is functioning well but the ventricles have been removed. AbioCor pumps the blood from one ventricle at a time so the body and lungs get blood alternatively. To make up for this, AbioCor has the capacity to pump 10 liters of blood in a minute.

The correct option is (a) True

To EXPLAIN: An assistive device is such that it helps a person with a DISABILITY. A person wearing glasses has the disability of weak eyes so to improve the vision, they WEAR glasses. Thus, glasses do not COMPLETELY correct the vision as once they are removed, the vision of the person will be BAD again. So, they can be called assistive devices.

Right option is (b) hearing aid

Easiest explanation: A hearing aid amplifies the sound and lets a person hear better. A person who is hard of hearing normally has a damaged tympanic membrane which is unable to AMPLIFY the sound waves and send it to the ear. In such cases, a hearing aid which amplifies the sound waves is used. These amplified sound waves REACH the cochlea of the ear where the sensory HAIR convert the SOUNDS into ELECTRICAL impulses and the sound is processed.

The correct OPTION is (C) Enteral

For explanation: This type of nutrition is given to those who have been unconscious or COMATOSE for a longer period of time. The FOOD is normal food but churned into a paste and DILUTED sufficiently. This food is given directly in the stomach with the help of tubes.

Right choice is (a) heamo dialysis

Easiest explanation: When the term dialysis is mentioned, it usually means the PURIFICATION of blood and removal of nitrogenous wastes from the body. It REFERS to the work done by the KIDNEY by DRAWING out blood and PURIFYING it.