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• Oral pills
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1. Genital herpes 

2. Hepatitis-B 

3. Genital warts 

4. AIDS

(i) Human Immuno Deficiency Virus (HIV). 

(ii) It reduces the immunity against diseases.

(i)  Incentives given to couples with small families. 

(ii)  Media Publicity-posters of happy couples with two children.

(iii)  Families to use contraceptive measures.

Correct Answer is: (c) 18 years

(d) lUD’s

Others are natural contraceptives/Natural methods/ Others have more chance of conception / IUD is the barrier method.

Answer is (a) ZIFT

(a) Tubectomy 

(b) Any two methods (Cu-T, Cu-7, loop, Multibad-375, Hormone producing progestogent, LNG-20 etc) 

(c) Vasectomy

Yes, Ban on amniocentesis for sex determination to legally check increasing female foeticides. It is a foetal sex determination test based on the chromosomal pattern in the amniotic fluid surrounding the developing embryo.

Match the items in column A with those of column B.

1. Amniocentesis.

2. It is a foetal sex determination test based on chromosomal pattern in the amniotic fluid. It helps to know the chromosomal abnormalities in advance.

3. Sex determination sometimes leads to the killing of female foetus.

1. Condoms/oral contraceptive pills

2. It must be user friendly, easily available, effective and reversible with nor or lease side effect and in no way interfere with sexual drive.

3. The advantage of natural methods is that there is no side effects. But the chances of failure is high.

1. Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome

2. Blood transfution, Infected mother to foetus or intravenous drug injection.

1. MTP (Medical termination of pregnancy.

2. Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) is a procedure that is carried out under anesthesias increases the risk for the procedure. There are high chances of patient having recurrent abortions or may be negatively used to kill female foeticide.

1. Prevent sperm motility.

Or

Phagocytosis of sperm 

2. Progestasert, LNG 20

Family planning Reproductive & child health care programmes (RCH)

CuT release Cu²⁺ ions which suppress sperm motility. Increases Phagocytosis of sperms and reduces their fertilizing capacity.

Answer is ZIFT

1. Yes, the programmes like family planning and reproductive and child health care have been successfully launched.

2. Now more people are aware about the advantages of small family and are accepting two children norm, some such areas of improvement are massive child immunization, increasing the use of contraceptives, family planning etc.

(a) Sexually transmitted disease (STD)

Eg- gonor- rhoea, syphilis etc.

(b) (1) Avoid unknown sexual partner 

(2) Use condoms during coitus

Cu-T, Cu 7 are intra uterine, contraceptive devices having ionized copper. The copper defuses into uterus. It brings about the release of toxic cytokinins. They inhibit the sperm motility and therefore fertilization of ovum. Another categories of IUDs are hormonal in nature. (Eg: LNG – 20).

The uterine environment is not congenial for the survival of the gamete. If, directly transferred to the uterus they will undergo degeneration or could be phagocytosed and hence viable zygote would not be formed.

GIFT – It is the introduction of 2 unfertilized oocytes and 2-5 lac motile sperm into fallopian tube of a woman desires to have a child through laparoscope. The egg may be of her’s or of a donor. The sperm may be her husband’s or of a donor. Fertilization occurs inside the fallopian tube and the development of foetus takes place through natural process.

ICSI stands for Intra-Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection. In this method, a sperm is carefully injected into the cytoplasm of the egg and the zygote formed is allowed to divide till 8 celled stage and transferred to uterus. Fertilization occurs in 75-85% of eggs injected with sperm.

1. GIFT – Gamete Intra – Fallopian Transfer.

2. ICSI – Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection.

Genital herpes, AIDS.

1. Medical termination of pregnancy

2. Suggest the possibilities to legally perform MTP:

• In conditions of poor maternal health.
• To avoid unintended pregnancies
• unprotected sex or failure of contraceptives lead to unintended pregnancies.

Coitus Interruptus: Coitus interruptus means 'interrupted sex" (penis is withdrawn from the vagina just before ejaculation). 

Advantage - method does not require the use of any drug, does not interfere with normal body functions. The failure rate is high at 15 - 18%. 

Periodic Abstinence: couples avoid or abstain from coitus from day 10 to 17 of the menstrual cycle when ovulation could be expected. 

Lactational Amenorrhea : (absence of menstruation) During intense lactation, chance of conception are almost nil but effective upto 6 month after parturition.

Barrier methods: In barrier methods of birth control, a barrier is placed between the penis and the vagina during intercourse so that the sperm cannot meet the ovum for fertilization.

• Male Condoms:, usually made of latex that covers the erect penis during penetration of the vagina.
• Female Condoms: made of polyurethrane, loose sheath with two rings on either side. can be inserted about 8 hours prior to sexual intercourse and can be kept in for about another 12 hours after intercourse. Can be used more than once during this period.

It is another specialised procedure to form an embryo in the laboratory in which a sperm is directly injected into the ovum.

Transfer of an ovum collected from a donor into the fallopian tube of another female who cannot produce one, but can provide suitable environment for fertilisation and further development.

Fertilization outside the body under controlled conditions. IVF–fertilisation outside the body in almost similar conditions as that in the body) followed by embryo transfer (ET) upto 8 celled blastomeres. This technique also called test tube baby programme. 

Transfer of embryo with more than 8 blastomeres to 32 cells, into the uterus is called IUT. Embryos formed by in-vivo fertilization (fusion of gametes within the female) also could be used for such transfer to assist those females who cannot conceive.

• Intentional or voluntary termination of pregnancy before full term is called medical termination of pregnancy(MTP) or induced abortion. 
• MTP has a significant role in decreasing the population though it is not meant for that purpose. 
• Government of India legalised MTP in 1971 with some strict conditions to avoid its misuse. 
• MTPs are considered relatively safe during the first trimester, i.e., upto 12 weeks of pregnancy. Second trimester abortions are much more riskier.

1. Hepatitis-B ----- Hepatitis-B virus 

2.Genital herpes-------Herpes simplex virus 

3. AIDS---------HIV (Human Immunodeficiency virus)

IUDs are contraceptive devices which are placed inside the uterus. Small, flexible plastic frame. Has copper wire or copper sleeves on it. Inserted into a woman‘s uterus through her vagina.

Preventing sperm and egg from meeting. Perhaps the IUD makes it hard for sperm to move through the woman‘s reproductive tract, and it reduces the ability of sperm to fertilize the egg. Prevent the egg from implanting itself in the wall of the uterus. 

• IUCDs prevent pregnancy by making the endometrium unreceptive to the fertilized ovum. Stimulates the endometrium to release leukocytes (WBCs) and prostaglandins making it hostile to the sperm.Causes bizarre and irregular growth of the endometrium. 
• Prevents implantation of a fertilized ovum. IUDs like Copper-T‘s also come wrapped in copper. Copper is toxic to sperms and is a method of enhancing the contraceptive effect of the IUDs. 
• The IUCDs can come in various shapes and sizes. 

Cu-T is a copper-releasing IUD that increases phagocytosis of sperms within the uterus and Cu ions released by some IUDS suppress sperm motility and fertilizing capacity of sperms.

8-celled stage

 (1) ZIFT (Zygote Intra Fallopian Transfer) is related to embryo transfer in the test-tube programme. In this technique, the zygote or embryo up to 8 blastomeres is transferred into the fallopian tube. 

(2) IUT (Inter Uterine Transfer) is the technique in which the semen of the husband or a healthy donor is introduced into the uterus of a female. 

(3) GIFT (Gamete Intra Fallopian Transfer). It is the technique in which the ovum collected from the donor female is transferred into the fallopian tube of another female, who cannot produce an ovum but can provide suitable conditions for fertilization and pregnancy.

The term test tube is a misnomer because the baby is not developed in the test tube; only fertilisation is carried out in the laboratory conditions (in vitro). The fertilised egg (zygote) or early embryo is then transferred into the fallopian tube or uterus of the mother where it develops and a normal baby is born.

(i) Reproduction and Child Health Care programmes take care of uncontrolled population growth, STDs and social evils like sex abuse and sex related crime.

(ii) Foetal sex determination tests based on chromosomal pattern in the amniotic fluid to study chromosomal abnormalities in the foetus is called amniocentesis. 

It is banned so as to legally check female foeticide.

The infertile couples could be assisted to have children through certain special techniques called assisted reproductive technologies (ART), which are given below. 

(i) Test Tube Baby Programmes 

● In this method, ova from the wife/donor (female) and the sperms from the husband/donor (male) are collected and induced to form zygote under simulated conditions in the laboratory. This process is called in vitro fertilisation (IVF). 

● The zygote or early embryo with up to 8 blastomeres is transferred into the fallopian tube (process is called zygote intra fallopian transfer or ZIFT) and embryo with more than 8 blastomeres is transferred into the uterus (process is called intra uterine transfer or IUT). 

● In females who cannot conceive, embryos formed by fusion of gametes in another female (called in vivo fertilisation) are transferred. 

(ii) Gamete Intra Fallopian Transfer (GIFT) 

● It is the transfer of an ovum collected from a donor into the fallopian tube of another female who cannot produce one, but can provide suitable environment for fertilisation and further development of the embryo. 

(iii) Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) 

● It is a procedure to form an embryo in the laboratory by directly injecting the sperm into an ovum. 

(iv) Artificial Insemination (AI) 

● In this method, the semen collected either from the husband or a healthy donor is artificially introduced into the vagina or into the uterus (intra uterine insemination or IUI). 

● This technique is used in cases where the male is unable to inseminate sperms in the female reproductive tract or due to very low sperm counts in the ejaculation.

(a) Test tube baby programme 

(b) ZIFT (Zygote intra fallopian transfer) 

(c) GIFT (Gamete intra fallopian transfer) 

(d) IUI (Intra uterine insemination)

The infertile couples could be assisted to have children through certain special techniques known as assisted reproductive technologies (ART). 

ZIFT: The zygote or early embryo with up to 8 blastomeres is transferred into the fallopian tube. This is called zygote intra fallopian transfer (ZIFT). 

GIFT: It is the transfer of an ovum collected from a donor into the fallopian tube of another female, who cannot produce one but can provide suitable environment for fertilisation and further development of the embryo. 

Intra uterine transfer (IUT) refers to the introduction of embryo with more than 8 blastomeres into the uterus of a female to complete its further development.

Zygote intra fallopian transfer technique (ZIFT) is a technique of in vitro fertilisation wherein the zygote or early embryo having up to 8 blastomeres is transferred into the fallopian tube to complete its further development. 

Intra uterine transfer (IUT) technique is different from ZIFT as the embryos with more than 8 blastomeres are transferred into the uterus in IUT.

Progestogen-estrogen combination, Progestogen or Progesterone are present in contraceptive pills. 

They inhibit ovulation, implantation and alter quality of cervical mucus to retard entry of sperm. Saheli is a commonly prescribed oral pill.

(a) CuT, Cu7, Multiload 375 

(b) IUDs function by either of the following mechanism: suppress sperm motility or suppress fertilising capacity of sperms and increase phagocytosis of sperms within uterus.

There is a statutory ban on amniocentesis to legally check female foeticide. This sex determination technique has been misused to eliminate girl child before birth. 

This technique is also used to detect the abnormal chromosomes or any genetic disorder. 

The ban is justified to prevent female foeticide which could lead to change in sex ratio of the population.

Pills act in the following ways: 

(i) They inhibit ovulation. 

(ii) They inhibit implantation. 

(iii) They alter the quality of cervical mucus to prevent the entry of sperms.

Fertilisation of human ovum by a sperm can be prevented by the following methods: 

(a) Condoms act as barriers made of thin rubber or latex sheath. These are used to cover the penis in the male or vagina and cervix in females. 

(b) Diaphragm, cervical caps and vaults are the barriers made of rubber that are introduced in the female reproductive tract to cover cervix. 

(c) Spermicidal creams, jellies and foams are introduced in vagina to kill the sperms.

Following are the consequences of population explosion: 

(i) It is causing an absolute scarcity of the basic requirements, i.e., food, clothing, fuel and shelter. 

(ii) There is greater demand for fossil fuels (oil, gas and coal). 

(iii) Eco-degradation.