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Modified shoot for reproduction:

• Floral leaves (sepals and petals) are modified leaves.
• Floral and vegetative buds both emerge either in terminal or axillary position.
• Foliage leaves and floral leaves have identical arrangement on stem.

Sunflower is actually an inflorescence not a single flower. The inflorescence of sunflower is capitulum composed of disc florets and ray florets.

(b) aestivation

(c) compound umbel

Unit of perianth is tepal.

Apple belongs to false fruit. In false fruits, apart from the ovary, non – carpellary parts also develop into fruit. In apple, the thalamus develops into fleshy edible part.

Endosperm is the liquid (milk) potable part of tender coconut, which is rich in nutrients and is formed as a result of triple fusion.

(c) actinomorphic

(c) trunk of plant

Two mixed in florescences: 

1. Thyrsus and 

2. Verticillaster.

In cauliflorous type, inflorescence developed directly from a woody trunk. 

Example: Theobroma cocoa.

Imperfect flowers will have only 1 essential whorl(s).

(b) polygamous

(c) syncarpous

Vexillary aestivation is characteristic of the family Fabaceae.

When the pollen grains are fused together as a single main, it is said to be pollinium.

Apopetalous from Sympetalous: 

1. Apopetalous (or) Polypetalous: Petals are distinct, e.g., Hibiscus.

2. Sympetalous (or) Gamopetalous: Petals are fused, e.g., Datura.

When the calyx is coloured and showy, it is called petaloid.

Ovary, style and stigma.

The branch that bears the flower is called mother axis.

In bilateral symmetry the flower can be divided into equal halves in only one plane. Zygomorphic flower can efficiently transfer pollen grains to visiting pollinators. 

Example: Pisum.

After fertilization ovule modifies into seed.

The different types of placentation with example:

1. Marginal: It is with the placentae along the margin of a unicarpellate ovary. 

Example: Fabaceae.

2. Axile: The placentae arises from the column in a compound ovary with septa. 

Example: Hibiscus, tomato and lemon. 

3. Superficial: Ovules arise from the surface of the septa. 

Example: Nymphaeceae. 

4. Parietal: It is the placentae on the ovary walls or upon intruding partitions of a unilocular, compound ovary. 

Example: Mustard, argemone and cucumber. 

5. Free – central: It is with the placentae along the column in a compound ovary without septa. 

Example: Caryophyllaceae, Dianthus and primrose. 

6. Basal: It is the placenta at the base of the ovary. 

Example: Sunflower (Asteraceae) Marigold.

Correct Answer is: (c) Calyx

Between Monoecious & Dioecious:

1. Monoecious: Both male and female flowers are present in the same plant, e.g., Coconut 

2. Dioecious: Male and female flowers are present on separate plants, e.g., Papaya

Seeds are the means for perpetuation of species.

Correct Answer is: (c) Cotyledons

Based on the number of cotyledons present, two types of seeds are recognized.

1. Dicotyledonous seed: Seed with two cotyledons. 

2. Monocotyledonous seed: Seed with one cotyledon.

In spadix, entire inflorescence is covered by a brightly coloured or hard bract called a spathe.

The anthers based on their mode of attachment: 

1. Basifixed: (Innate) Base of anther is attached to the tip of filament, e.g., Brassica, Datura 

2. Dorsifixed: Apex of filament is attached to the dorsal side of the anther, e.g. Citrus, Hibiscus 

3. Versatile: Filament is attached to the anther at midpoint, e.g., Grasses 

4. Adnate: Filament is continued from the base to the apex of anther, e.g. Verbena, Ranunculus, Nelumbo.

(a) Albuminous seed or Endospermous seed. 

(b) Ex – Albuminous seed or non – Endospermous seed.

The branch of horticulture that deals with the study of fruits and their cultivation is called pomology.

1. Aggregate fruit:Aggregate fruits develop from a single flower having an apocarpous pistil. Each of the free carpel is developed into a simple fruitlet. A collection of simple fruitlets makes an aggregate fruit. An individual ovary develops into a drupe, achene, follicle or berry. An aggregate of these fruits borne by a single flower is known as an etaerio. 

Example: Magnolia, Raspberry, Annona and Polyalthia.

2. Multiple or Composite fruit: A multiple or composite fruit develops from the whole inflorescence along with its peduncle on which they are borne.

• Sorosis: A fleshy multiple fruit which develops from a spike or spadix. The flowers fused together by their succulent perianth and at the same time the axis bearing them become fleshy or juicy and the whole inflorescence forms a compact mass. Example: Pineapple, Jack fruit and Mulberry.
• Syconus: A multiple fruit which develops from hypanthodium inflorescence. The receptacle develops further and converts into fleshy fruit which encloses a number of true fruit or achenes which develops from female flower of hypanthodium inflorescence. Example: Ficus.

Function of inflorescence is to display the flowers for effective pollination and facilitate seed dispersal. The grouping of flowers in one place gives a better attraction to the visiting pollinators and maximize the energy of the plant.

Jack fruit is an example for sorosis.

The type of fruit in Ricinus in regma.

Correct Answer is: (c) Samara

(a) Berry: Tomato 

(b) Hesperidium: Orange

The false septum seen in siliqua fruits is replum.

This fruit type of intermediate between dehiscent and indehiscent fruit. The fruit instead of dehiscing rather splits into number of segments, each containing one or more seeds. 

They are of following types:

1. Cremocarp: Fruit develops from bicarpellary, syncarpous, inferior ovary and splitting into two one seeded segments known as mericarps. e.g., Coriander and Carrot. 

2. Carcerulus: Fruit develops from bicarpellary, syncarpous, superior ovary and splitting into four one seeded segments known as nutlets, e.g., Leucas, Ocimum and Abutilon. 

3. Lomentum: The fruit is derived from monocarpellary, unilocular ovary. A leguminous fruit, constricted between the seeds to form a number of one seeded compartments that separate at maturity, e.g., Desmodium, Arachis and Mimosa. 

4. Regma: They develop from tricarpellary, syncarpous, superior, trilocular ovary and splits into one – seeded cocci which remain attached to carpophore, e.g., Ricinus and Geranium.

Correct Answer is: (d) Stigma

Seed is a ripened ovule.

Cavity found inside the ovary is called locule.

The significance of fruits:

1. Edible part of the fruit is a source of food, energy for animals. 

2. They are source of many chemicals like sugar, pectin, organic acids, vitamins and minerals. 

3. The fruit protects the seeds from unfavourable climatic conditions and animals. 

4. Both fleshy and dry fruits help in the dispersal of seeds to distant places.

5. In certain cases, fruit may provide nutrition to the developing seedling. 

6. Fruits provide source of medicine to humans.

(a) A sterile stamen – Staminode 

(b) Stamens are united in one bunch – Monadelphous 

(c) Stamens are attached to the petals – Epipetalous (petalostemonous)

Fruit wall can also be called as pericarp.

Other name for gynoecium is pistil.

(b) epigynous

Study of fruits is called as pomology.

Sterile stamen is called staminode.