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Correct option is (a) Synthesis of some MOLECULES

Explanation: Anabolism refers to the synthesis of some new molecules, for example, the reaction of GLYCEROL with fatty ACIDS to make LIPIDS, photosynthesis, etc.

Correct choice is (d) Integral PROTEIN

Best explanation: Fo is an integral membrane protein complex that FORMS the channel through which PROTONS across the inner membrane. It is a COMPONENT of Complex V of ETS.

The correct option is (a) Food

Explanation: All the energy required for life processes is obtained by the oxidation of some MACROMOLECULES that we call as food. All living organisms need energy to CARRY out DAILY life ACTIVITIES.

The correct option is (a) True

To EXPLAIN: Pyruvate is considered as the derivative of pyruvic acid and plays a very IMPORTANT role in sugar metabolism or respiration in living BEINGS. Pyruvate is ACTUALLY the conjugate BASE of pyruvic acid but both are considered the same when it comes to as respiratory substrates.

Correct answer is (C) Both anabolic and catabolic processes

Easiest EXPLANATION: As the respiratory pathway is involved in both ANABOLISM and CATABOLISM, it is BETTER to consider the respiratory pathway is an amphibolic pathway. Therefore, according to new studies, respiration is treated as an amphibolic pathway and not as a catabolic pathway as according to traditional studies.

Right answer is (d) Cristae

Explanation: In MITOCHONDRIA, cristae re the SITES for oxidation-reduction reaction. They produce cellular energy in the form of ATP, HENCE they are called as POWERHOUSE of the cell.

Correct option is (d) Energy of Oxidation-Reduction

To explain: Unlike PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION, where it is the light energy that is UTILISED for the production of proton gradient required for phosphorylation, in RESPIRATION, it is the energy of the oxidation-reduction utilised for the same process. It is for this reason that the process is CALLED OXIDATIVE phosphorylation.

The CORRECT choice is (c) UBIQUINOL

To EXPLAIN: The reduced UBIQUINONE which is also known as Ubiquinol is oxidised with the transfer of ELECTRONS to cytochrome c via cytochrome bc1 complex or Complex III.

The correct choice is (c) Each plant part takes care of its own needs

Easiest explanation: There are several reasons why plants can get ALONG without respiratory organs.

i. Each plant part takes care of its own GAS-exchange needs

ii. Plants do not present great demands for gas exchange

iii. The distance that gases must DIFFUSE is not LARGE.

Correct answer is (B) pyruvate

To elaborate: After the interaction of many co-enzymes and cytochromes, the GLUCOSE is at last reduced to two molecules of PYRUVIC acid which is further reduced to DIFFERENT usable forms in the mitochondria through the KREBS cycle.

The correct choice is (a) ATP

For explanation: ATP or Adenosine Triphosphate ACTS as the ENERGY currency of the CELL. The energy which is released by the OXIDATION of RESPIRATORY substrates is stored in ATP so that we can use it for future purposes.

The correct option is (c) SUBSTRATE Level Phosphorylation

The best I can explain: SLP stands for Substrate Level Phosphorylation. During the conversion of succinyl-CoA to succinic ACID, a MOLECULE of GTP is SYNTHESISED. This is substrate-level phosphorylation.

The correct OPTION is (b) False

For EXPLANATION: In a respiratory pathway, only glucose is being respired, no other alternative substrates are ENTERING in the pathway at any of the intermediary STAGES.

Right option is (C) COMPLEX III and Complex IV

Explanation: Cytochrome c is a small protein that is attached to the outer surface of the inner MEMBRANE and ACTS as a mobile carrier for transfer of electrons between Complex III and Complex IV.

Right ANSWER is (b) Catabolic pathway

For explanation: Since respiration INVOLVES the breakdown of SUBSTRATES, the respiratory PROCESS has traditionally been considered as a catabolic process and the respiratory pathway as a catabolic pathway.

The correct ANSWER is (a) Oxaloacetic acid

For EXPLANATION I would say: Oxaloacetic acid is the FIRST member of the TCA cycle. The continued oxidation of ACETYL CoA via the TCA cycle REQUIRES the continued replenishment of Oxaloacetic acid.

The correct answer is (b) Higher organisms

For explanation I would SAY: Aerobic RESPIRATION is most common in higher organisms. In eukaryotes, the steps of aerobic respiration TAKE place within the mitochondria and this requires OXYGEN.

The correct option is (a) LESS than 7 PER cent

Easy explanation: In both lactic acid and ALCOHOL fermentation not much energy is released; less than 7 per cent of the energy in glucose is released and not all of it is TRAPPED as high energy bonds of ATP.

The correct option is (b) SOMETIMES in the muscles

To explain: In animal CELLS, lactic acid fermentation takes place in the muscles during the EXERCISE, when oxygen is INADEQUATE for cellular respiration, pyruvic acid is reduced to lactic acid by lactate dehydrogenase.

Correct ANSWER is (a) Transport protein

The best explanation: Pyruvate has to be transported or channeled from the cytoplasm to the mitochondrial MATRIX. So, transport proteins or channel proteins serve as a means of transport of these molecules across the CELLULAR CONSTITUENTS for further NEEDS.

Correct answer is (a) Respiration is a sequential PATHWAY

The explanation: One of the assumptions made in the respiratory balance sheet is that there is a sequential, orderly pathway functioning, with one substrate FORMING the NEXT and with glycolysis, TCA CYCLE and ETS pathway following one after another.

Right answer is (B) False

The best explanation: Glycerol would enter the pathway after being converted to PGAL which is3-phosphoglyceraldehyde. Apart from GLUCOSE, other substances can be respired but then they do not enter the respiratory pathway at the FIRST STEP.

Correct ANSWER is (a) Nature of electron donor

To explain: The number of ATP MOLECULES synthesised depends on the nature of the electron donor. OXIDATION of one molecule of NADH gives RISE to THREE molecules of ATP, while that of one molecule of FADH2 produces two molecules of ATP.

Right answer is (c) THREE

For explanation I would say: There are three points in the TCA CYCLE where NAD^+ is reduced to NADH + H^+ and one point where FAD^+ is reduced to FADH2. In a coupled reaction GTP is converted to GDP with the simultaneous synthesis of ATP from ADP.

Right choice is (d) 8

To elaborate: In GLYCOLYSIS, two NADH are formed that are equivalent to six ATP. ALONG with this, there is also the production of 2 more ATP after the transfer of HIGH energy phosphate into ADP adds to this thus making the total of EIGHT.

Correct answer is (a) Glycerol and fatty acids

For EXPLANATION I would SAY: FATS would need to be broken down into glycerol and fatty acids first. If fatty acids were to be respired they would first be degraded to acetyl COA and enter the PATHWAY.

Correct option is (B) Green plants

To explain I would say: Only green plants and cyanobacteria can prepare their FOOD, by the process of photosynthesis. They trap light ENERGY and CONVERT it into chemical energy that is stored in the bonds of carbohydrates.

Correct answer is (C) 1

To ELABORATE: When carbohydrates are used as substrates and are completely oxidised, the RQ will be 1, because equal AMOUNTS of CO2 and O2 are EVOLVED and consumed respectively.

Right answer is (c) Complete OXIDATION of organic SUBSTANCES

To elaborate: Aerobic respiration is the complete oxidation of organic substances which OCCUR in the presence of OXYGEN. It is an energy yielding process as a LARGE amount of energy in the form of ATP is released. Water and carbon dioxide are also released as its by-products.

Correct answer is (a) CYTOPLASM

For explanation: Glycolysis OCCURS in the cytoplasm of the cell and is PRESENT in all the living ORGANISMS. In ANAEROBIC organisms, it is the only process in respiration.

The correct option is (a) True

To explain: The SCHEME of glycolysis was given by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof and J. Parnas and therefore is often referred to as the EMP PATHWAY. The term glycolysis has ORIGINATED from the Greek words MEANING splitting of sugar.

Correct option is (a) Embden, Meyerhof, and Parnas

Easiest explanation: Glycolysis was DISCOVERED by three scientists namely Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof and, JAKUB KAROL Parnas. It can be of MANY types like homofermentative and heterofermentative PATHWAYS.

Right answer is (a) EMP PATHWAY

Best explanation: As GLYCOLYSIS was DISCOVERED by three scientists named Embden, Meyerhof and, Parnas, so it also came to be known as the EMP pathway with the initial letters of the DISCOVERERS.

Correct OPTION is (B) False

Explanation: In green plants, not all cells, tissues and ORGANS photosynthesise, only cells containing chloroplasts, that are most often located in the superficial layers, CARRY out photosynthesis.

The correct choice is (b) False

Best explanation: When the electrons pass from ONE carrier to ANOTHER via complex I to IV in the electron transport chain, they are coupled to ATP synthase or Complex V for the production of ATP from ADP and INORGANIC phosphate.

The correct choice is (d) Proteases

For explanation: Proteases are the ENZYMES which are responsible for the degradation of proteins. These enzymes break the BONDS between the proteins and release AMINO acids which then enter the RESPIRATORY pathway.

The correct option is (c) Electron Transport System

The best EXPLANATION: ETS stands for Electron Transport System. It is the METABOLIC pathway where the products of glycolysis and KREB’s CYCLE are phosphorylated to form ATP.

The correct answer is (B) Acetyl group

The explanation is: The TCA cycle starts with the condensation of acetyl group. It reacts with oxaloacetic acid and WATER and forms citric acid. This REACTION is catalysed by the enzyme citrate synthase and a molecule of CoA is released. Further, citrate is isomerised to isocitrate with the help of ISOMERASE enzyme.

The correct choice is (c) 13%

Best explanation: YEAST poison to DEATH when the concentration of alcohol REACHES about 13 PER cent. Therefore, the MAXIMUM concentration of alcohol in beverages which are naturally fermented is 13 per cent.

The correct answer is (c) In the inner membrane of mitochondria

To explain I would SAY: The TWO stages of aerobic respiration are Kreb’s CYCLE and electron transport system. The first PROCESS takes place in the matric of mitochondria while the second process takes place in the inner membrane of mitochondria in eukaryotes.

The correct OPTION is (c) Oxygen

The explanation is: During the process of respiration, oxygen is UTILISED and carbon-dioxide, WATER and energy are released as products. The combustion REACTION requires oxygen.

The CORRECT answer is (c) Glycolysis

The best explanation: As glycolysis is the BEGINNING STEP of respiration that occurs in the cytoplasm and due to which the pyruvate is FORMED, THEREFORE it is considered as the universal pathway in biological systems.