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On the basis of ownership, industries are classified into the following three classes:

1. Public Sector Industries: These industries are under government ownership. Many industries of India are public sector industries. Most of the industries in communist countries are under public sector.

2. Private Sector Industries: Under this, ownership and control of industries lie in the hands of the investors. Most of the industries in countries with capitalist economy are established in the private sector.

3. Joint Sector Industries: This type of industries are operated with joint efforts of both public and private sector.

The two top most Jute producing countries are India and Bangladesh.

Iron – steel industry is widely distributed. It has been centralised in the developed countries of America, Europe, and Asia, China, the United States, Russia, and Germany which are the major steel – producing countries of the world. In addition to this, iron and steel is also produced in South-Korea, Ukraine, Brazil and India. China is the largest and Japan is the second largest steel manufacturing country in the world.

Silk clothes are an indicator of luxury of wealthy people since ancient time. So, this Industry is centeralised and limited. Silk industry developed first in China; from here, this industry spread in the whole world.

Major stages of Silk Industry: 

Three major stages of silk textile industry:

Production of coops. 

Wraping silk thread from coops. 

Weaving of silk garments.

Natural silk is obtained from larva of an insect in the form of cocoon from the mulberry silk worm.

World’s major silk producing countries : Silk textile industry was developed as a cottage industry in China. Japan produces 50 per cent, China 28 per cent and India and Russia produce 6 per cent each. Japan, USA, France, China, Taiiwan, Germany, England and India are major silk textile countries of the world. Around 85 per cent of raw silk in the world is produced in the countries of eastern Asia. Major centres of silk producing countries are gievn below:

1. Japan: It is the largest silk producing country of the world. Here Yamagata, Fukushima, Nigita, Kinkhi, Kyoto are major silk producing centres.

2. China: Silk textile industry developed here since incient time. Silk route is a famous route from China, to Europe. Shanghai and Kwangchow are main silk production centres of China.

3. United States of America: Pennsylvania, a state of USA is the leading state in silk production. Peterson city is famous for silk production. It is called the Silk City of America.

4. France: In France, Liyons city is a major silk producing area situated in Rhone valley.

5. India Kolkata, Mysore, Bangalore and Chennai are major silk producing centres in India.

In India, main centres of silk textile are Kolkata, Mysore, Bengaluru and Chennai.

(b) Cinema Industry

Correct Answer is : (c) Industry

Agriculture, mining, gathering of food items, fisheries, primitive hunting are included under the primary activities of human.

Two essential factors for woollen textile industry are – the ease and convenience of the market and proper supply of raw material in the location.

Secondary activities can be divided into ten main groups: 

1. Engineering industry 

2. Construction industry 

3. Electronic industry 

4. Chemical industry 

5. Power industry 

6. Clothing industry 

7. Food and Beverage industry 

8. Metallurgical industry 

9. Plastic industry 

10.Transport and Communication industry.

Woollen textile is the second largest industry in the world. A rapid development of woollen textile industry emerged in England in 17th century. After the Second World War, the invention of modern machines in Japan accelerated the development of the woollen textile industy. In terms of quantity, woollen garment industy in the world is only 10 to 15 per cent of cotton textiles, but it is an important industry in terms of earnings. It needs skilled labour, clean water supply, resources of power, large amount of capital and easy modes of transportation.

Major Regions: Around two – third of woollen textile industry of the world is centralised in Europe. Russia, China, Japan, Germany, India, USA, Romania, Poland, Great Britain etc. are major woollen textile producing countries of the world. Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and Uruguay are major woollen textile producing countries of the Southern Hemisphere where 5 per cent of world’s woollen textile production takes place.

Cotton in the form of raw material for cotton textile industry of Japan and Britain is exported from USA, Egypt and India.

Secondary economic activity includes industries that produce finished and usable products.

It increases the national income and it is the measuring scale of economic prosperity of a nation.

A large amount of raw material is required in industries. If this raw material is brought from distant places, a lot of expenses is incurred in transportation. Raw material for industries should be relatively cheaper and easily transportable. If raw material is heavy, transportation cost incurred is more and input cost increases. Therefore, manufacturing industries are established in regions with accessibility to heavy raw material.

For example, iron-and steel, sugar, cement, pulp, paper industries are all dependent on the easy availability of raw material. Manufacturing industries of those products which are perishable in nature should also be established near the regions of availability of their raw material. For example, milk products, cheese, butter, etc. manufacturing and canned fruits manufacturing industry, etc.

Japan is the second biggest steel producing country of the world. There is a lack of local raw materials in Japan, but due to its excellent technology and advanced modes of transportation, it has become a major steel producing area on the basis of adequate capital and progressive government policies. 

The main areas where steel plants are located in Japan are:

1. Nagasaki – Yawata Region: Located in northern Kyushu Island. It is the largest iron and steel plant in Japan. Its major centres include Yawata, Nagasaki, Kokura, Mauji and Shimonoseki.

2. Kobe – Osaka – Region: Located in the Southern part of Honshu Island. Its major centres include Kobe, Osaka, Hirohito and Sakai.

3. Tokyo Yokohama Region: It is situated in Honshu island. Its major centres include Tokyo, Yokohama and Kawasaki. 

4. Muroran Area: Located in the Southern part of Hokkaido Island.

The beginning of large scale industries took place after the industrial revolution. Requirements of various types of raw material, extended market, skilled labour, more capital and high technology are there in these industries. Quality in production and specialisation in production are its major characteristics. The produced goods are exported. Cement, petroleum, iron and steel etc. are types of large scale industries. Industries having such characteristics are called large scale industries.

Correct Answer is : (a) USA

Industries based on agricultural products are known as agriculture based industries. Raw materials obtained from agriculture extend significant contribution in establishment and development of various industries. Raw materials obtained from fields are changed into finished products through various processes and are sent to rural and urban markets for sale. Major agriculture based industries include food processing industry, sugar, pickle, fruit juice, beverage, spices, oil and cloth (cotton, silken and jute) and rubber industry

The industries are generally classified on the basis of size, raw-materials, products and ownership.

1. On the basis of size: On the basis of size, industries can be classified into three categories.

(a) Cottage Industry: This is the smallest unit of manufacturing. Only family members, with small capital, use locally obtained raw materials to make ordinary goods. They use traditional equipment and sell their products in the local market. They manufacture cloth, furniture, earthen pots, shoes, etc. 

(b) Small – Scale Industry: Local raw – materials are used in this type of industry. Some skilled and unskilled workers operate simple tools which run and function by power. These industries are found in densely populated or developing countries. Total investment in the plant and machinary does not exceed 1 crore. 

(c) Large – Scale Industry: Large – scale industries require different types of raw materials, means of power, huge market, skilled workers, high technology and large amount of capital. Cement, cotton, petrochemicals, iron-steel industries are some examples.

2. On the basis of Raw – material: The industries are further classified into five categories.

(a) Agro – based Industries: The plants for which agricultural produce is essential for industrial outputs or productions are called agro – based industries. Cotton textile, silk, jute, beverages (tea, coffee, cocoa), food processing and vegetable – oils are some of its examples.

(b) Mineral – based industries: In this type of industries, minerals are used as raw materials. Most of these industries are large-scale industries. Iron and Steel industry, machine and tools industry, etc. are some of its examples.

(c) Chemical – based industries: In these industries, naturally – obtained chemical minerals are used. Petrochemical indsutry, fertilizer industry, paint industry, etc. are its examples.

(d) Forest – produce – Based Industries: In these industries, forest-produce is used as raw material. For example-paper and pulp industry, furniture industry, match-stick making industry, etc. 

(e) Animal – Based Industries: The raw materials used in leather industry and woollen textile industry are obtained only from animals.

3. On the basisi of Ownership: These types of industries are divided into three categories. 

(a) Public Sector Industries: These types of industries are subject to government control. Many industries in India are under the public – sector. Most of the industries in the communist countries are government owned. 

(b) Private Sector Industries: The private investors have the ownership of these industries. Most of the industries in capitalist system are in private sector. 

(c) Joint Sector Industries: These types of industries are operated by joint companies or by joint efforts of private and public sector.

Establishment of industries can be done only in those places where necessary geographical conditions are available for their development. 

The factors affecting the location and development of industries are given below:

1. Raw materials: The availability of raw-materials is the base of the development of every industry. Therefore, most of the industries are located or established where enough raw – materials are found easily. The industries in which heavy, cheaper and such raw – materials are used that lose weight during manufacturing have similar tendency. Most of iron – steel industries are set up near the coal mines and iron mines. Industries based on fast spoiling raw materials such as fruits vegetables, milk, fish are established near the spots where enough raw – materials are available. 

2. Means of power: Production of any kind of goods requires major sources of power including coal, petroleum, hydro-electricity, gas and nuclear energy Heavy industries like iron-steel are located and centralised near the coal mines. Aluminium industry needs clean and fresh water, so it is established near water resources and reservoirs. 

3. Transport and communication: The cost of transportation has an important place in every type of industry. Transport is essential to bring raw – materials to factories and to send products to the market. Means of communication is also important for any kind of production. 

4. Market: The most important factor in establishing an industry is the availability of market for the sale of its produce(s). A large purchasing power and densely populated area provides a good market to any kind of production. 

5. Skilled workers: There is no possibility of any kind of industry without availability of skilled workers. In spite of rapid machanisation of industries, demand of skilled labourers is still very important. Skilled and technocrates are always in demand. 

6. Capital: Capital is the most important for all types of trades and economic activities. Without enough capital, no factory can be established, no raw material can be purchased, no worker can be hired and no machine can be installed and used. Hence, there can be no production in absence of capital. 

7. Water supply: There are many industries which need enough supply of clean and fresh water. A lot of water is used in iron and steel industry, textile industry, paper industry, leather industry, atomic power houses, etc. 

8. Climate: Pleasant and healthy climate increases the working efficiency of the workers. Different industries require different types of climate. The cotton textile industry demands wet/humid climate, but film industry prefers cloudless sky. 

9. High – technology: It is high technology which makes it possible to maintain the quality of manufacturing, to control the disposal of waste and pollution. 

10. Government Policy: Policies of government also affect the development of industries. Taxation, licensing policy, etc. affect the industry. 

11. Other factors: Affordable land, political stability, law and order and banking and insurance are other factors that affect the establishment of industry.

Forest produce based industries are Furniture industry, Paper and pulp industry, Match-stick and box making industry and Gum and lac industry.

The main factors of decentralization of the industries are enough and cheap hydropower supply and the supply of petroleum through pipelines.

Animal – based industries are Dairy industry, Meat industry, Leather industry, Fisheries Fat industry and wollen Industry.

Iron and steel industry, machine and tools industry, railway engine industry, and copper industry are mineral based industries.

Chemical based four industries are Paint and varnish industry, Plastic industry, Petro – chemical industry and Fertilizer industry.

The developed countries from the view point of industry are United States of America, Japan, Germany and Britain.

Cotton textile industry, Sugar industry, Jute industry and Food processing industry are based on agriculture.

Factors that affect location of an industry are availability of raw – material, and availability of means of power and transport, market, skilled workers, climate, capital, water reservoir etc.

Most of Aluminium industries are established at places where enough and cheap hydroelectricity is available.

Two characteristics of small – scale industry is: 

1. Fixed investment does not exceed 1 crore. 

2. It is held on ownership basis or lease basis.

Mobile phone, E-Mail, Fax and internet are modern means of communication.

Two major market regions of the world are as follows: 

1. Developed countries having more purchasing power and densely populated regions. 

2. Densely populated regions of South and South – east Asia

Iron and Steel industry, Aluminium industry, Textile industry and Paper industry need enough supply of water.

Correct Answer is: (d) Copper

Government policies affect the location of industries in the following two ways: 

1. If there is nationalisation of industries in a country, then foreign companies cannot establish industries there. 

2. Rebate in taxes and other facilities encourage in establishment of industries.

Market plays an important role in establishment of any industry. The industries are established for earning profit. Every industry needs a market to sell its products. This is why, most of the industries are established near cities or urban areas. People in urban areas have more purchasing power and thus provide a good market. There is less transportation cost to market. This is why, industries are established nearby the market.

Means of transportation and communication play an inportant role in the establishment of industries. Transportation is the basic need of all industries. Industries need fast, efficient and cheap transportation facilities for their proper development. Transportation facilities are essential for them to bring raw materials to factories and in sending their product(s) to the market.

Every industry looks for a good market to sell its finished goods. Cost of transportation affects the cost of finished commodity. Cheap transportation automatically reduces the cost price of the product(s) and it is easy to sell it with a handsome profit. Therefore, every industry looks for cheap and good transportation for its establishment.

Correct Answer is: (a) Japan

There are many requisities for a large scale industry, like raw material, source of power, skilled labour, extensive market, high technology and huge capital investment. These types of industries have developed after the industrial revolution. 

The major characterstics of large Scale Industries are are below:

1. Special focus is laid on product quality. 

2. Focused on specialisation of products. 

3. Produced goods are exported.

Importance of labour: Without skilled and unskilled labour, no industry can take form. Therefore, availability of labour is an essential factor for the establishment of an industry. Skilled workers are able to do better and more work. So with their help, the best and cheaper products can be manufactured in a factory. Although, in modern age, use of machines in industries is increasing day by day, but manual effort can never lose its importance. Thus, the supply of labour plays an important role in location of an industry.

Importance of power: An easy, proper and cheap supply of power is most important for the establishment of industries. Power is the basic need of all industries. Coal, petroleum, water, gas and nuclear energy are the main sources of power. Heavy industries are located near coal mines. So modern industries are established in places where proper and cheap means of power are available.

Three characterstics of cottage industry are the following: 

1. It is the smallest unit of manufacturing activities, which uses local raw material. 

2. This type of industry is run by family members. 

3. This type of industry produces things of daily use.

Cottage industry is such a industry whose labour force consists of family units or individuals working at home with their own equipment.

Correct Answer is: (c) Petroleum

Potters, black – smiths, gold – smiths, skinners, carpenters, etc. are operating cottage industries in Indian villages even today.

(d) More capital

Iron and Steel and Dairy and Fruits – Vegetable industries are always located near the source of its raw – materials and producing places.

Most of the iron-steel manufacturing centers in India are situated near the coal mines of Jharia and Raniganj in Damodar river valley.

Major centres of iron Sc steel industry in India are—Jamshedpur, Kulti, Burhanpur, Durgapur, Bokaro, Rourkela, Bhilai, Salem, Vishakhapatnam and Bhadrawati.

In Germany, Duisburg, Dortmund, Dusseldorf and Aichen are the major centres of iron and steel industry.