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Conditional probability is the likelihood of an event or OUTCOME occurring BASED on the occurrence of a PREVIOUS event or outcome. Conditional probability is calculated by multiplying the probability of the PRECEDING event by the updatedprobability of the SUCCEEDING, orconditional, event.

Both are programming processes whereas OOP stands for “Object Oriented Programming” and POP stands for “Procedure Oriented Programming”. Both are programming languages that use high-level programming to solve a problem but using DIFFERENT approaches. These approaches in technical terms are known as programming paradigms. A PROGRAMMER can take different approaches to write a program because there’s no direct approach to solve a particular problem. This is where programming languages come to the picture. A program MAKES it EASY to resolve the problem using just the right approach or you can say ‘paradigm’. Object-oriented programming and procedure-oriented programming are TWO such paradigms.

Lists are a part of everyday life. To-do lists DETERMINE what to get done. Navigational routes provide turn-by-turn lists of directions. Recipes provide lists of ingredients and lists of instructions. With a list for nearly everything, it’s easy to understand why they are also popular online.
When we want to use a list on a website, HTML provides three different types to choose from: unordered, ordered, and description lists. Choosing which type of list to use—or whether to use a list at all—comes down to the content and the most SEMANTICALLY appropriate option for displaying that content.
In addition to the three different types of lists available within HTML, there are multiple ways to style these lists with CSS. For example, we can choose what type of marker to use on a list. The marker could be square, round, numeric, alphabetical, or perhaps nonexistent. Also, we can decide if a list should be displayed vertically or horizontally. All of these choices play significant roles in the styling of our web pages.

Unordered Lists

An unordered list is simply a list of related items whose order does not matter. Creating an unordered list in HTML is accomplished using the unordered list block-level element, 

. Each item within an unordered list is individually marked up using the list item element, 
• .
  By default, most browsers add a vertical margin and left PADDING to the 
  element and precede each 
  •  element with a solid DOT. This solid dot is called the list item marker, and it can be changed using CSS.
    
    
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Answer:

Object oriented programming allows us to MODEL real world objects. User-defined classes COMBINE the data and methods as integrated components.

Java language uses some pre-defined data TYPES such as int, FLOAT and char.  

These data types are also KNOWN as composite data type, which provide some preliminary facilities in Java programming. Similarly, a user may create a data type and declare certain characteristics and behaviour within it.

This can be done by using a class.  This is the reason why a class is referred as user defined data type.  

This appeared as a throwaway STATEMENT in a proof - that a STRICTLY MONOTONIC (increasing) transformation of a continuously distributed random variable (I am assuming that this means that the DISTRIBUTION function is CONTINUOUS, not that the random variable is absolutely continuous) is also a continuously distributed random variable

What is the Payback Period

The payback period is the length of time required to recover the COST of an investment. The payback period of a given investment or project is an important determinant of whether to undertake the position or project, as longer payback periods are typically not desirable for investment positions. The payback period ignores the time value of money (TVM), UNLIKE other methods of capital budgeting such as net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR), and discounted cash flow.

Payback Period

BREAKING DOWN Payback Period

Much of corporate finance is about capital budgeting. One of the most important concepts that every corporate financial analyst MUST learn is how to value different investments or operational projects. The analyst must find a reliable way to determine the most profitable project or investment to undertake. One way corporate financial analysts do this is with the payback period.

Capital Budgeting and the Payback Period

Most capital budgeting formulas take the time value of money into consideration. The time value of money (TVM) is the idea that money today is worth more than the same amount in the future due to present money's earnings potential. Therefore, if you PAY an investor tomorrow, it must include an opportunity cost. The time value of money is a CONCEPT that assigns a value to this opportunity cost.

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Hey!!! Here is ur answer....
Advantages of a JOINT STOCK COMPANY :
1.Limited liability.
2. Large financial resources.
3. Continuity of existence.
4. Professional management.
Advantages of PARTNERSHIP :
a. Easy to form
b. Availability of LARGER resources
c. Better decisions
d. Secrecy
Advantage of SOLE PROPRIETORSHIP :
a. Easy to form and wind up
b. QUICK decision and prompt action
c. Direct MOTIVATION
d. Maintenance of business secrets.

Hope it helps......

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There are MANY options to add a new backdrop in a SCRATCH PROJECT

CAPITAL BUDGETING TECHNIQUES / METHODS

There are different methods adopted for capital budgeting. The traditional methods or non discount methods include: Payback period and Accounting rate of return method. The DISCOUNTED cash flow method includes the NPV method, profitability index method and IRR.

Payback period method:

As the name SUGGESTS, this method refers to the period in which the proposal will generate cash to recover the initial investment made. It purely emphasizes on the cash inflows, economic life of the project and the investment made in the project, with no consideration to time value of money. Through this method selection of a proposal is based on the earning capacity of the project. With SIMPLE calculations, selection or rejection of the project can be done, with results that will help gauge the risks involved. However, as the method is based on thumb rule, it does not consider the importance of time value of money and so the relevant dimensions of profitability.
Payback period = Cash outlay (investment) / Annual cash inflow


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Isocost and isoquants play the same role in producer's EQUILIBRIUM as that played by the budget LINE and indifference curves in consumer's equilibrium. ... Isoquant indicates various COMBINATIONS of two FACTORS of production which give the same level of output per UNIT of time.

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The CONCEPT of price ELASTICITY of demand is important for formulating government POLICIES,
especially the TAXATION policy. Government can
impose higher taxes on goods with inelastic demand.

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The tag defines a hyperlink, which is used to link from one PAGE to another. The most important ATTRIBUTE of the ELEMENT is the href attribute, which INDICATES the link's destination. By default, links will appear as follows in all browsers: An unvisited link is UNDERLINED and blue.

I THINK OPERATION...

hello !! here is your answer ....

PRIVATISATION:

Privatisation, in SIMPLE terms, means encouraging the private sector into various businesses which have been held by the government in the past.

Example: Electricity Companies were previously owned by the government, now we SEE Tata Power and Reliance Power. So we would say that there has been Privatisation in the area of electricity.

Liberalisation:

Privatisation leads to liberalistaion. Liberalisation is the process where government makes policies in order to help the private organisations and exporters to make it more business friendly.

Example: Before 1990, India had an import duty RATE @ 100% of the amount. Infact some products had 200%. Now the rate has been brought down to as low as 30%. This has been done to help in importing the necessary items needed for growth and development. So we can say there has been liberalisation in the area of import export.  

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● Price of the given COMMODITY:It is the most important factor AFFECTING demand for given commodity:....
● Price of related goods:....
● Income of the consumer:....
● Tastes and PREFERENCES:....
●Expectation of CHANGE in the price in future:...

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The term Iso-quant or Iso-product is composed of two WORDS, Iso = equal, quant = quantity or product = output.

Thus it means equal quantity or equal product. Different factors are needed to produce a good. These factors MAY be SUBSTITUTED for ONE another.

With the animation RECORDER open, all of your transistion/ animation are captured which means you can conveniently play them BACK or inspect them at a LATER stage.

hope it's helps u

BMP, JPEG, GIF, TIFF and PNG

Hope it HELPS

Accounting information SYSTEMS have three basic FUNCTIONS: ... The secondfunction of an AIS is to supply information USEFUL for making decisions, including producing MANAGERIAL reports and financial statements. The third function of an AIS is to make sure controls are in place to accurately RECORD and process data.

A STAR bus network is a combination of a star topology (LIKE most Ethernet switches TODAY) and a bus network, as in the older networks that ran over twinax or coax. In the case of star bus, there is a HUB in the CENTER that connects the nodes.

To apply a transition:

Select the desired slide from the Slide NAVIGATION pane. ...Click the TRANSITIONS tab, then locate the Transition to This Slide GROUP. ...Click the More drop-down arrow to display all transitions.Click a transition to apply it to the SELECTED slide.

You can ANIMATION EFFECT in pictures by POWERPOINT or ABODE PHOTOSHOP

Demand elasticity is the sensitivity of the demand for a good or service DUE to a change in another factor. There are MANY FACTORS that influence a change in demand elasticity. These factors INCLUDE price, income level and availability of substitutes.

[To learn how to calculate PRESENT value(PV), be sure to read A Primer on Present Value and Its Many Uses]

Cost to purchase Company ABC today: $1,000,000

Present value (PV) of cash flows from acquiring Company ABC:

Year 1: $200,000

Year 2: $150,000

Year 3: $100,000

Year 4: $75,000

Year 5: $70,000

Year 6: $55,000

Year 7: $50,000

Year 8: $45,000

Year 9: $30,000

Year 10: $10,000

Total: $785,000

Now that we know the total cash flow for the next 10 years (the total cash inflows from the investment), along with total cost of the investment in Company ABC, we can use the formula to calculate NPV:

Net Present Value (NPV) = $785,000 - $1,000,000 = -$215,000

At this point, MANAGEMENT for Company XYZ would use the net present value ruleto DECIDE WHETHER or not to pursue the acquisition of Company ABC. Because the NPV is negative, they should say, "No."

Scope of Managerial Economics

Demand Analysis and Forecasting: The foremost aspect regarding its scope is in demand analysis and forecasting. ...Cost and PRODUCTION Analysis: A FIRM's PROFITABILITY depends much on its costs of production. ...
Pricing Decisions,
Policies and Practices:
Profit MANAGEMENT
Capital Management:

An oligopoly market has a SMALL number of relatively large firms that produce similar but slightly different products. Again, there are significant BARRIERS to entry for other ENTERPRISES. ... Thus, the FIRM may be a monopoly in a region but operate in an oligopoly market in a LARGER geographical area.

Manufacturing is the production of merchandise for use or sale USING labour and machines, tools, chemical and biologicalprocessing, or formulation. The term may refer to a range of human activity, from handicraft to high tech, but is most commonly applied to industrial design , in which raw materials are transformed into finished goodson a large scale. Such finished goods may be SOLD to other MANUFACTURERS for the production of other, more COMPLEX products, such as aircraft, household appliances, furniture, sports equipment or automobiles, or sold to wholesalers, who in turn sell them to retailers, who then sell them to end USERS and consumers.

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The business cycle, also known as the economic cycle or trade cycle, is the downward and upward movement of gross domestic product around its long-term growth trend. The length of a business cycle is the period of time containing a single boom and contraction in sequence.

Four Phases of Business Cycle

Prosperity PHASE : Expansion or Boom or Upswing of economy.

Recession Phase : from prosperity to recession (UPPER TURNING point).

DEPRESSION Phase : Contraction or Downswing of economy.

Recovery Phase : from depression to prosperity (LOWER turning Point).

_____________________

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A word processor is SOFTWARE or a device that allows USERS to create, edit, and print documents. It enables you to write text, store it electronically, display it on a screen, modify it by entering commands and CHARACTERS from the KEYBOARD, and print it. Of all computer applications, word PROCESSING is the most common.

IRR

Internal rate of return (IRR) is a metric used in capital BUDGETING to estimate the profitability of potential investments. Internal rate of return is a discount rate that MAKES the net present value (NPV) of all cash flows from a particular project equal to zero. IRR calculations rely on the same formula as NPV does.

The following is the formula for calculating NPV: 



Where:

Ct = net cash INFLOW during the period t

Co= total initial investment costs

r = discount rate, and

t = number of TIME periods 

To calculate IRR using the formula, one would set NPV equal to zero and solve for the discount rate (r), which is the IRR. Because of the nature of the formula, however, IRR cannot be calculated analytically and must instead be calculated either through trial-and-error or using software programmed to calculate IRR.

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% CHANGE of QUANTITY over the % change of PRICE

A business can use a variety of pricing strategies when selling a product or service. The price can be set to maximize profitability for each unit sold or from the market overall. It can be used to DEFEND an existing market from new entrants, to increase market share WITHIN a market or to enter a new market.[1]

Pricing as part of the marketing mixEdit

Pricing is one of the most vital and highly demanded component within the theory of marketing mix.[2] It helps consumers to have an image of the standards the firm has to offer through their products, CREATING firms to have an exceptional reputation in the market. The firm's decision on the price of the product and the pricing STRATEGY impacts the consumer's decision on whether or not to purchase the product. When firms are deciding to consider applying any type of pricing strategy they MUST be aware of the following reasons in order to make an appropriate choice which will benefit their business. The competition within the market today is extremely high, for this reason, businesses must be attentive to their opponent's actions in order to have the comparative advantage in the market. The technology of internet usage has increased and developed dramatically therefore, price comparisons can be done by customers through online access. Consumers are very selective regarding the purchases they make due to their knowledge of the monetary value. Firms must be mindful of these factor and price their products accordingly.[3]

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The organization and COORDINATION of the activities of a BUSINESS in order to achieve defined objectives. ...MANAGEMENT consists of the interlocking functions of creating corporate POLICY and organizing, planning, controlling, and directing an organization's RESOURCES in order to achieve the objectives of that policy.



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The theory of price, also known as price theory, is a microeconomic principle that uses the concept of SUPPLY and demand to determine the appropriate price point for a GOOD or SERVICE. ... The concept ALLOWS for price adjustments as market conditions CHANGE.

Ltd., Refers to Public company (may be listed/unlisted)

Pvt Ltd., Refers to Private Limited Company.

A company is CALLED private limited when all its SHARES are in private hands. Pvt Ltd Company is owned by a group of promoters. On the other hand, the shares in a Public Limited company are open to everyone. The company is not in the hands of a few promoters but the public owns it.

There is also difference in the number of shareholders in the two types of companies. In Private Limited companies, the minimum number of shareholders should be 2 and the maximum 50. On the other hand, the minimum number of shareholders in a Public Ltd Company is 7 and there is no limit to the maximum number of shareholders.

When talking of shares, the shares can be freely transferred in a Public Limited Company whereas it is not possible in a Private Limited company. If ever the shares of a Pvt Ltd company have to be transferred, the consent of the shareholders must be sought. Pvt Ltd Company cannot make a public offer of its shares. On the contrary, Ltd companies can make a public offer through advertisements.

The shares of a Limited company are listed in the stock exchange whereas it is not in the case of Private Limited Company. This means that trading happens with a Ltd company in the stock exchange and nothing of that sort happens with a Pvt Ltd company.

A Private Limited company is a PARTNERSHIP firm where as Public Limited company is a full-fledged corporate body.

The Public Limited companies come with stringent rules and requirements. On the other hand, no such stringent rules or requirements are applicable for a private limited company

A ltd Company is subjected to MANY laws and regulations where as Pvt ltd company has some reliefs.

Hope it is useful.

Absorption pricingEdit

Method of pricing in which all COSTS are recovered. The price of the product includes the VARIABLE cost of each item plus a proportionate amount of the fixed costs.

Contribution margin-based pricingEdit

Main article: Contribution margin-based pricing

Contribution margin-based pricing maximizes the profit derived from an individual product, based on the difference between the product's price and variable costs (the product's contribution margin per unit), and on one's assumptions regarding the relationship between the product's price and the number of units that can be sold at that price. The product's contribution to total firm profit (i.e. to operating income) is maximized when a price is chosen that maximizes the following: (contribution margin per unit) X (number of units sold).
In cost-plus pricing, a company first pricing determines its break-even price for the product. This is done by calculating all the costs involved in the production such as RAW materials used in its transportation etc., marketing and DISTRIBUTION of the product. Then a markup is set for each unit, based on the profit the company needs to make, its sales objectives and the price it BELIEVES customers will pay. For example, if the company needs a 15 percent profit marginand the break-even price is $2.59, the price will be set at $3.05 ($2.59 / (1-15%))

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Net present value (NPV) is the difference between the present value of cash inflows and the present value of cash outflows over a period of TIME. By contrast, internal rate of return (IRR) is a calculation used to estimate the PROFITABILITY of potential investments

INVESTOPEDIA  SMALL BUSINESS

Net Present Value vs Internal Rate of Return

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BY CHRIS GALLANT

 

 UPDATED Feb 15, 2018

Net present value (NPV) is the difference between the present value of cash inflows and the present value of cash outflows over a period of time. By contrast, internal rate of return (IRR) is a calculation used to estimate the profitability of potential investments.

Both of these MEASUREMENTS are primarily used in capital budgeting, the process by which companies determine whether a new investment or expansion opportunity is worthwhile. Given an investment opportunity, a firm needs to decide whether undertaking the investment will generate net economic profits or losses for the company.

Determining Net Present Value

To do this, the firm estimates the future cash flows of the project and discounts them into present value amounts using a discount rate that represents the project's cost of capitaland its RISK. Next, all of the investment's future positive cash flows are reduced into one present value number. Subtracting this number from the initial cash outlay required for the investment provides the net present value of the investment.

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