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Given:

Primary turns, n1 = 400

Secondary turns, n2 =1000

Cross sectional area of the core = 60 sq.cm.

Frequency, f = 50 Hz

Voltage APPLIED, V = 500 V

(i) Peak value of FLUX density at core,

where N is the no. of turns on the side voltage is applied

and f is in MHz.

Substituting the given values in the formula, we have

(ii) The voltage induced in secondary side is determined by turns ratio and primary voltage.

We have the relationship,

Now, Voltage on secondary side = (N2/N1) * Primary voltage

                                                       =(1000/400) * 500

                                                        = 1250 V

Therefore, the voltage induced in the secondary side of the transformer is 1250 volts.

Synchronous GENERATOR WORKING Principle. The principle of operation ofsynchronous generator is ELECTROMAGNETIC induction. If there exits a relative motion between the flux and conductors, then an emf is INDUCED in the conductors.

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A STEPPER motor is an electromechanical device it converts electrical power into mechanical power. Also it is a brushless, SYNCHRONOUS electric motor that can divide a full rotation into an expansive number of steps. The motor’s position can be controlled accurately without any feedback mechanism, as long as the motor is carefully sized to the APPLICATION. Stepper motors are similar to switched reluctance motors.

The stepper motor uses the theory of operation for magnets to MAKE the motor shaft turn a precise distance when a pulse of electricity is provided. The STATOR has eight poles, and the rotor has six poles. The rotor will require 24 pulses of electricity to move the 24 steps to make one complete revolution. Another way to say this is that the rotor will move precisely 15° for each pulse of electricity that the motor receives.

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Definition: The instruments which use the PERMANENT magnet for creating the stationary magneticfield between which the coil MOVES is known as the permanent magnet MOVING coilor PMMC instrument. It operates on the principle that the torque is exerted on the moving coil placed in the FIELD of the permanent magnet.

An indicating instrument essentially consists of a moving system pivoted in jewel bearings. A pointer is attached to the moving system which indicates the electrical quantity to be MEASURED, on a graduated scale. In order to ensure the proper operation of the indicating instruments , the following three torques are required.

Deflecting (or operating) torque.

Controlling (or restoring) torque.

Damping torque

The deflecting torque is produced by utilising the various effects (magnetic effect, induction effect, thermal effect, hall effect) of electric current or voltage, and causes the moving system and HENCE the pointer to move from  zero position. 

The controlling torque is produced by spring or gravity and opposes the deflecting torque. The pointer comes to rest at a position, where these two opposing torques are equal.

Damping torque is provided by air friction or eddy currents. It ensures that, the pointer comes to the final position, without oscillations, thus enabling accurate and quick readings to  be taken.

(i)                 Deflecting torque(Td) :-

The deflecting torque causes the moving system to move from zero position to indicate the value of the electrical quantity being measured on a graduated scale. The actual method of producing the deflecting torque DEPENDS upon the type of instrument.

(ii)               Controlling torque(Tc):-

If the deflecting torque were acting alone, the pointer will continue to move indefenitely and would swing over to the maximum deflected position irrespective of the magnitude of the electrical quantity to be measured. This necessitates providing some form of controlling or opposing torque. This controlling torque should increase with the deflection of the moving system. The pointer will be brought to rest at a position where the two opposing torques are equal. ie, Td = Tc .

The controlling torque performs two functions.

a)      It increases with the deflection of the moving system so that, the final position of the pointer on the scale will be according to the magnitude of the electrical quantity to be measured.

b)      It brings the pointer back to zero position, when the deflecting torque is removed. If it were not provided, the pointer once deflected would not return to zero position on removing the deflecting torque.

 The controlling torque can be provided,

Ø  by using one or more springs

Ø  by the weight of moving parts.

(iii)              Damping torque (Tdamp):-

If the moving system is acted upon by deflecting and controlling torques alone, then due to inertia, the pointer will oscillate about its final deflected position for some time before coming to rest. This oscillation makes it difficult to obtain quick and accurate reading. Inorder to avoid these oscillations of the pointer and to BRING it quickly to its final deflected position, a damping torque is provided in the indicating instruments. The damping do not affect the stationary pointer, as the damping torque ACTS only when the pointer is in motion and always opposes the motion.

The damping torque in indicating instruments can be provided by,

Ø  Air- friction

Ø  Fluid friction

Ø  Eddy currents


The behaviour of the moving system is decided by the degree of damping. The fig.  given below shows the graph for under damping, over damping, and critical damping. 

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The advantages of Short PITCH winding are as follows:-

Reduces the amount of copper needed for END connectionrather than full pitch windingIt improve the waveform of generated EMF i.e. generated EMF can be made to approximate to a SINE wave more easily and the distorting harmonics can be reducedReduces Eddy Current LOSS and Hysteresis loss , and increases the efficiency

Speed Of A DC Motor

We know, back emf Eb of a DC motor is the induced emf in the ARMATURE conductors due to the rotation of armature in magnetic field. Thus, magnitude of the Eb can be given by the EMF equation of a DC generator.
Eb = PØNZ/60A
(where, P = no. of poles, Ø = FLUX/pole, N = speed in rpm, Z = no. of armature conductors, A = parallel paths)

Eb can also be given as,
Eb = V- IaRa

thus, from the above equations
N = Eb 60A/PØZ

but, for a DC motor A, P and Z are constants

Therefore, N ∝ K Eb/Ø          (where, K=constant)

This shows the speed of a dc motor is directly proportional to the back emf and inversely proportional to the flux per pole.

Speed Control Methods Of DC Motor

Speed Control Of Shunt Motor

1. Flux Control Method

See fig 1.1 on pic

It is already explained above that the speed of a dc motor is inversely proportional to the flux per pole. Thus by decreasing the flux, speed can be increased and vice versa.

To control the flux, a rheostat is added in series with the field winding, as shown in the circuit diagram. Adding more resistance in series with the field winding will increase the speed as it decreases the flux. In shunt motors, as field current is relatively very small, Ish2R loss is small and, hence, this method is quite efficient. Though speed can be increased above the rated value by reducing flux with this method, it puts a LIMIT to maximum speed as weakening of flux beyond the limit will adversely affect the commutation.

2. Armature Control Method

See fig 1.2 on pic

Speed of a dc motor is directly proportional to the back emf Eb and Eb = V - IaRa. That means, when the supply voltage V and the armature resistance Ra are kept constant, speed is directly proportional to the armature current Ia. Thus, if we add a resistance in series with the armature, Ia decreases and, hence, the speed also decreases. Greater the resistance in series with the armature, greater the decrease in speed.

3. Voltage Control Method

a) Multiple voltage control:
In this method, the shunt field is connected to a fixed exciting voltage and armature is supplied with different voltages. Voltage across armature is changed with the help of a suitable switchgear. The speed is approximately proportional to the voltage across the armature.

b) Ward-Leonard System:

See fig 1.3 on pic

This system is used where very sensitive speed control of motor is required (e.g electric excavators, elevators etc.). The arrangement of this system is as shown in the figure at right.
M2 is the motor whose speed control is required.
M1 may be any AC motor or DC motor with constant speed.
G is a generator directly COUPLED to M1.
In this method, the output from the generator G is fed to the armature of the motor M2 whose speed is to be controlled. The output voltage of the generator G can be varied from zero to its maximum value by means of its field regulator and, hence, the armature voltage of the motor M2 is varied very smoothly. Hence, very smooth speed control of the dc motor can be obtained by this method.

Speed Control Of Series Motor

1. Flux Control Method

Field divertor: A veritable resistance is connected parallel to the series field as shown in fig (a). This variable resistor is called as divertor, as the desired amount of current can be diverted through this resistor and hence current through field coil can be decreased. Hence, flux can be decreased to the desired amount and speed can be increased.Armature divertor: Divertor is connected across the armature as in fig (b).
For a given constant load torque, if armature current is reduced then flux must increase. As, Ta ∝ ØIa
This will result in an increase in current taken from the supply and hence flux Ø will increase and subsequently speed of the motor will decrease.Tapped field control: As shown in fig (c) field coil is tapped dividing number of turns. Thus we can select different value of Ø by selecting different number of turns.Paralleling field coils: In this method, several speeds can be obtained by regrouping coils as shown in fig (d).

2. Variable Resistance In Series With Armature

By introducing a resistance in series with the armature, voltage across the armature can be reduced. And, hence, speed reduces in proportion with it.

Series-Parallel Control

This system is widely used in electric traction, where two or more mechanically coupled series motors are employed. For low speeds, the motors are connected in series, and for higher speeds the motors are connected in parallel.
When in series, the motors have the same current passing through them, although voltage across each motor is divided. When in parallel, the voltage across each motor is same although the current gets divided.


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Software, in its most general SENSE, is a set of instructions or programs INSTRUCTING a computer to do specific tasks. Software is a generic TERM used to describe computer programs. Scripts, applications, programs and a set of instructions are all terms OFTEN used to describe software.

The PROGRAM and other operating INFORMATION by a COMPUTER is called SOFTWARE.

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What is a Software ? A software is a SET of programs / instructions that tells a computer / electronic machine that what to do when a particular event is TRIGGERED or, simply it can be defined as what happens when the user does something for example clicking a button etc.....

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Software can be classified into :

• System Software
• Application Software

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System software can be classified into :

• Operating System (GUI-based & CUI-based)
• DEVICE Drivers
• Language Processors (Assemblers, Interpreters, & Compilers)
• Utilities

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Application Software can be classified Into :

• General-purpose Software (WORD, Power-point, Excel, Coral-draw, WINDOWS Media Player etc....)
• Specific-purpose Software (BusyWin, Tally, Attendance Systems, Billing Systems etc...)
• Customized Softwares

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Which CLASS QUESTION is this

A servo motor is a rotary actuator or motorthat allows for a PRECISE control in TERMS of angular position, acceleration and VELOCITY, capabilities that a regular motor does not have. It makes USE of a regular motor and pairs it with a sensor for position feedback

1) The shaded-pole motor is the original type of AC single-phase induction motor, ... flux change for that pole (a shaded pole) ENOUGH to provide a 2-phase rotating magnetic field.

2) A servomotor is a rotary actuator or linear actuator that allows for precise control of ANGULAR or linear position, VELOCITY and ACCELERATION. It consists of a suitable motorcoupled to a sensor for position feedback. ... Servomotors are used in applications such as robotics, CNC MACHINERY or automated manufacturing.

In LINUX the LS(LS) command is used for LISTING DIRECTORY.

Answer:

Working principle of Servo Motors. A servoconsists of a Motor (DC or AC), a potentiometer, gear assembly and a controlling circuit. First of all we use gear assembly to reduce RPM and to INCREASE torque of motor. ... This error signal acts as the input for motorand motor starts rotating.

A servomotor is a rotary actuator or LINEAR actuator that allows for precise CONTROL of angular or linear position, velocity and acceleration. It consists of a suitable motorcoupled to a sensor for position feedback. ... SERVOMOTORS are used in applications such as robotics, CNC machinery or automated manufacturing.

The servo motor is CONTROLLED by a signal (data) better known as a pulse-width modulator (PWM). Here are several of the more common servo motor applications in use today. Robotics: A servo motor at every "joint" of a robot is used to actuate movements, giving the robot arm its precise angle.


A servomotor is a rotary actuator or linear actuator that allows for precise control of angular or linear position, velocity and acceleration. It consists of a suitable motorcoupled to a sensor for position feedback.

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Answer:

From the above two characteristics of DC series motor, it can be found that when speed is high, torque is low and vice versa. In case of DC shunt motors, we can assume the FIELD flux ɸ to be constant. Though at heavy loads, ɸ decreases in a small amount DUE to increased armature reaction.

Generally, three CHARACTERISTIC curves are considered important for DC motorswhich are, (i) Torque vs. armature current, (ii) Speed vs. armature current and (iii) Speed vs. torque. These are explained below for each type of DC motor. These characteristics are determined by keeping the FOLLOWING two relations in mind.
Ta ∝ ɸ.Ia and N ∝ Eb/ɸ
These above equations can be studied at - emf and torque equation of dc machine. For a DC motor, magnitude of the back emf is given by the same emf equation of a dc generator i.e. Eb = PɸNZ / 60A. For a machine, P, Z and A are constant, therefore, N ∝ Eb/ɸ

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The major difference are , In shell type TRANSFORMER coils are INSTALLED on the middle limb, while the other limbs are not having any coil though there is two flux path and core is SURROUNDING the WINDING. ... In core type transformerwinding surrounds the core. Coresurrounds the winding in shell type transformer.


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Computer is an electronic MACHINE
which takes input PROCESSES and gives us OUTPUT

Its MAIN function is to FORM a PROTECTIVE covering over sophisticated part of motor and PROVIDE support to armature

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Applications of any motor depend mostly on its speed torque characteristics.

As you can SEE in above image, even though output torque of DC shunt motor increases comparatively speed doesn’t FALL much.

DC shunt motor is also called as constant speed motor.

In other words, if we assume that the supply voltage is constant then flux also becomes constant. At the rated speed the back emf also becomes nearly constant if the load is same.

The various applications of DC shunt motor are in

Lathe MACHINES,Centrifugal Pumps,Fans,Blowers,Conveyors,LIFTS,Weaving Machine,Spinning machines, etc.

So you will find application of DC Shunt motor wherever constant speed operation is required.

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It has a BATTERY to STORE ELECTRICITY it convert the ac into DC

For what we NEED to ANSWER?

Both methods are USED for SPEED control but there is difference between the two. armature voltage control used vary speed up to RATED speed. variation in magnetic field or flux is due to voltage field as well well a armature current.

DC Generator

A dc generator is an electrical machine which converts mechanical energy into direct current electricity. This energy conversion is based on the principle of production of dynamically induced emf. This article outlines basic construction and WORKING of a DC generator.

Construction Of A DC Machine:

Note: A DC generator can be used as a DC motor without any constructional changes and vice versa is also possible. Thus, a DC generator or a DC motor can be broadly termed as a DC machine. These basic constructional details are also valid for the construction of a DC motor. Hence, let's call this point as construction of a DC machine instead of just 'construction of a dc generator'.




The above figure shows constructional details of a simple 4-pole DC machine. A DC machine consists of two basic parts; stator and rotor. Basic constructional parts of a DC machine are described below.

YOKE: The outer frame of a dc machine is called as yoke. It is MADE up of cast iron or steel. It not only provides mechanical strength to the whole assembly but also carries the magnetic flux produced by the FIELD winding.

Poles and pole shoes: Poles are joined to the yoke with the help of bolts or welding. They carry field winding and pole shoes are fastened to them. Pole shoes serve two purposes; (i) they support field coils and (ii) SPREAD out the flux in air gap uniformly.

Field winding: They are usually made of copper. Field coils are former wound and placed on each pole and are connected in series. They are wound in such a way that, when energized, they form alternate North and South poles.

A dc generator is an ELECTRICAL machinewhich converts mechanical energy into direct current electricity. This energy conversion is based on the principle of production of DYNAMICALLY INDUCED EMF.

The BASIC idea BEHIND the double field revolving theory is that any alternating quantity can be RESOLVED into 2 equal components rotating in opposite direction.

thus the resultant will give an alternating magnetic field. So, in case in a 1ph IM, these rotating fluxes get cut by the rotor conductors to induce emf in it, which in turn circulates current and thus producing rotor flux. This when interacts with the rotating stator fluxes to generate torque. The interaction with two rotating fluxes produces torque in opposite direction, leading net torque to zero. Thus MAKING 1ph IM non-self starting.

Auxiliary coils are used to phase shift one of the fluxes, to CREATE a rotating magnetic field instead of an alternating field and thus making the IM self starting.

reference: Rotating Magnetic Field & Synchronous Speed | Single Phase Motors

Whereas in case of 3ph IM, the conductors are placed at 120 degree apart and 3ph current with 120 degree phase difference flows through the respective conductors. This arrangement produces a magnetic field of uniform magnitude but with varying orientation, a rotating magnetic field(rmf). This is the cause for the motor action.

MULTIPLY Excited Magnetic Field Systems

Multiply Excited Magnetic Field Systems – Singly-excited devices discussed earlier, are generally employed for motion through a limited distance or rotation through a prescribed angle. Electro-mechanical transducers have the special requirement of producing an electrical signal proportional to forces or velocities or producing force proportional to electrical signal (current or voltage). Such transducers require two excitations ONE excitation establishes a magnetic field of specified strength while the other excitation produces the desired signal (electrical or mechanical). Also continuous energy conversion devices MOTORS and generators require multiple excitation. One continuous energy conversion device has already been STUDIED in  which is singly-excited (reluctance motor).

shows a magnetic field system with two electrical excitations one on stator and the other on rotor. The system can be described in either of the two sets of three independent variables; (A1, A2, 0) or (i1, i2, 9). In terms of the first set

Multiply Excited Magnetic Field Systems

where the field energy is given by

Multiply Excited Magnetic Field Systems

Multiply Excited Magnetic Field Systems

Multiply Excited Magnetic Field Systems

Multiply Excited Magnetic Field Systems

Multiply Excited Magnetic Field Systems

Multiply Excited Magnetic Field Systems

(c) The average torque is zero and changes sign at 0 = 0°, 90°, 180°. The rotor can come to rest at any of these values of 0 but the position of stable equilib­rium will only be 0 = 90°, 270°, … (The reader should draw Tf(av) versus 0 and REASON out).

The YOKE in a DC machine SERVES athe purpose of protecting the machine from outside entities and also it acts as the return PATH for magnetic flux lines.

The return path purpose is served only in DC MACHINES and not in Induction machines.

1.current
2.voltage
3.motor FRAME size.

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With UR CAMERA....!!!

SU is a command which is called substitute user.
it's execute COMMANDS with PRIVILEGES of other user ACCOUNT in LINUX.

Practical generators are always MOSTLY excited for their terminals that is armature and this method of getting excited is called self excited generator this is also called as shunt generator.

Well it may fail to excite DUE to the follow reasons:-

• When magnetism is absent.
• When the field circuit RESISTANCE is more than the CV(CRITICAL value).

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❖ She twice swam the English Channel first in 1989 and again in 1999.

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❖ She is the former India National Women's Swimming Champion.

❖ She is CURRENTLY serving as a MLA for West Bengal STATE, India.

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Blur tool

The "Blur Tool" is USED to soften or harden the uneven PORTION of an image. 

SMUDGE tool

The "Smudge tool" is used, to blend the portion of an image TOGETHER. 

they both are different.

The strength and vitality required for SUSTAINED physical or MENTAL ACTIVITY is called energy.
in physical and Engineering co energy is a NON physical quantity MEASURED in energy units used in the theoretical analysis of energy in physical systems

The starter PROTECTS ARMATURE of DC MOTOR from getting damaged.

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These characteristics of DC GENERATORS are EXPLAINED below.

Open Circuit Characteristic (O.C.C.) (E0/If) ...Internal or Total Characteristic (E/Ia) An internal characteristic curve SHOWS the relationbetween the on-load generated emf (EG) and the armature current (Ia). ...External Characteristic (V/IL)

A DC GENERATOR produces direct POWER. Both of these generators produce electrical power, based on same fundamental PRINCIPLE of Faraday's law of ELECTROMAGNETIC induction. ACCORDING to this law, when a conductor moves in a magnetic field it cuts magnetic lines of force, due to which an emf is induced in the conductor

Types of LOSSES in a DC Machines

The losses can be divided into THREE types in a dc machine (Generator or Motor). They are.

Mechanical losses.

Armature copper loss = I2a Ra

Shunt FIELD copper loss = I2shRsh

Series field copper loss = I2se Rse

Hysteresis loss Ph= ηB16max fV watts.

Eddy CURRENT loss Pe=KeB2maxf2t2V Watts.

The MAJOR DIFFERENCE between BFSand DFS is that BFS proceeds level by level while DFS follows first a PATH form the starting to the ending node (vertex), then another path from the START to end, and so on until all NODES are visited

Get Level of a node in a Binary Tree

Given a Binary Tree and a key, WRITE a function that returns level of the key.

For EXAMPLE, consider the following tree. If the input key is 3, then your function should RETURN 1. If the input key is 4, then your function should return 3. And for key which is not present in key, then your function should return 0.