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The steps INVOLVED in calculating sum are:

1. FOLDING
2. SHIFTING
3. Multiplication
4. SUMMATION

The steps involved in calculating sum are:

The COMPLETE RESPONSE of the SYSTEM is EQUAL to the sum of natural response and forced response .Thus initial conditions as well as INPUT both are considered for complete response.

The complete response of the system is equal to the sum of natural response and forced response .Thus initial conditions as well as input both are considered for complete response.

This is the output produced by the SYSTEM only DUE to INPUT. Initial conditions are considered ZERO for forced response.It is denoted by y (f ) (N).

This is the output produced by the system only due to input. Initial conditions are considered zero for forced response.It is denoted by y (f ) (n).

This is OUTPUT produced by the system only DUE to INITIAL conditions. Input is ZERO for zero input RESPONSE.

This is output produced by the system only due to initial conditions. Input is zero for zero input response.

This is OUTPUT produced by the system only due to initial CONDITIONS . INPUT is zero for natural response. HENCE it is also called zero input Response.

This is output produced by the system only due to initial conditions . Input is zero for natural response. Hence it is also called zero input Response.

• DIRECT FORM I
• Direct form II
• CASCADE form
• PARALLEL Form.

The block diagram representation of a difference EQUATION is CALLED realization structure.These diagram INDICATE the manner in which the COMPUTATIONS are performed.

The block diagram representation of a difference equation is called realization structure.These diagram indicate the manner in which the computations are performed.

A recursive system have the FEED back and the non recursive system have no feed back.And ALSO the need of memory REQUIREMENT for the recursive system is LESS than non recursive system.

A recursive system have the feed back and the non recursive system have no feed back.And also the need of memory requirement for the recursive system is less than non recursive system.

If the present output is DEPENDENT upon the present and PAST VALUE of input and past value of output then the system is SAID to be non-recursive system.

If the present output is dependent upon the present and past value of input and past value of output then the system is said to be non-recursive system.

If the present output is dependent upon the present and PAST VALUE of INPUT then the system is said to be RECURSIVE system.

If the present output is dependent upon the present and past value of input then the system is said to be recursive system.

If the SYSTEM have INFINITE DURATION impulse response then the system is said to be FIR system.

If the system have infinite duration impulse response then the system is said to be FIR system.

If the SYSTEM have FINITE DURATION impulse RESPONSE then the system is said to be FIR system.

If the system have finite duration impulse response then the system is said to be FIR system.

• FIR (Finite IMPULSE RESPONSE) system.
• IIR ( INFINITE Impulse Response) system.

The DT SYSTEM is represented EITHER Block diagram REPRESENTATION of difference equation representation.

The DT system is represented either Block diagram representation of difference equation representation.

For a LTI system to be CAUSAL if H(N)=0, for n<0.

For a LTI system to be causal if h(n)=0, for n<0.

ASSOCIATIVE Property of convolution is, [x(N)*h1n)]*h2(n)=x(n)*[H1(n)*h2(n)]

Associative Property of convolution is, [x(n)*h1n)]*h2(n)=x(n)*[h1(n)*h2(n)]

COMMUTATIVE PROPERTY of CONVOLUTION is, x(n)*H(n) = h(n)*x(n)

Commutative property of Convolution is, x(n)*h(n) = h(n)*x(n)

• COMMUTATIVE
• ASSOCIATIVE
• DISTRIBUTIVE

The LTI SYSTEMS are represented with the help of block DIAGRAMS. The block diagrams are more effective way of system description. Block Diagrams INDICATE how INDIVIDUAL CALCULATIONS are performed. Various blocks are used for block diagram representation.

The LTI systems are represented with the help of block diagrams. The block diagrams are more effective way of system description. Block Diagrams indicate how individual calculations are performed. Various blocks are used for block diagram representation.

The BLOCK diagrams are implemented with the help of signal multipliers, ADDERS, DELAY elements, time advance elements and constant multipliers.

The block diagrams are implemented with the help of signal multipliers, adders, delay elements, time advance elements and constant multipliers.

The general form of constant coefficient DIFFERENCE EQUATION is, Here n is the ORDER of difference equation. x(n) is the input and y(n) is the output

The general form of constant coefficient difference equation is, Here n is the order of difference equation. x(n) is the input and y(n) is the output

The INPUT and output behaviour of the DT SYSTEM can be characterized with the help of LINEAR CONSTANT coefficient difference equations.

The input and output behaviour of the DT system can be characterized with the help of linear constant coefficient difference equations.

The IMPULSE response is the output produced by DT SYSTEM when unit impulse is applied at the input.The impulse response is DENOTED by h(n). The impulse response h(n) is obtained by taking inverse Z transform from the TRANSFER function H(z)

The impulse response is the output produced by DT system when unit impulse is applied at the input.The impulse response is denoted by h(n). The impulse response h(n) is obtained by taking inverse Z transform from the transfer function H(z)

The Transfer function of DT system is defined as the RATIO of Z transform of the system output to the INPUT. That is , H(z)=Y(z)/X(z).

The Transfer function of DT system is defined as the ratio of Z transform of the system output to the input. That is , H(z)=Y(z)/X(z).

The output of the system y(N) is obtained for the UNIT STEP input u(n) then it is SAID to be step response of the system.

The output of the system y(n) is obtained for the unit step input u(n) then it is said to be step response of the system.

A/D CONVERSION takes PLACE in THREE steps:

• SAMPLING
• quantization
• coding

A/D conversion takes place in three steps:

1. static and dynamic SYSTEM
2. causal and non causal system
3. time invariant and time VARIANT SIGNAL
4. LINEAR and non linear signal
5. stable and UNSTABLE signal.

The unit delay element delay the INPUT signal passing through it by ONE SAMPLE.

y(N)=X(n-1)

The unit delay element delay the input signal passing through it by one sample.

y(n)=x(n-1)

The amplitude scaling is performed by multiplying the amplitude of the signal by CONSTANT. SIMILARLY TIME scaling is performed by multiplying the VARIABLE time by constant.

The amplitude scaling is performed by multiplying the amplitude of the signal by constant. similarly time scaling is performed by multiplying the variable time by constant.

A SIGNAL is SAID to be causal,if it is DEFINED for t&GT;=0. examples are: step signal,UNIT step signal,exponential signal.

A signal is said to be causal,if it is defined for t>=0. examples are: step signal,unit step signal,exponential signal.

1. deterministic and non deterministic SIGNAL.

2. PERIODIC and non periodic signal

3. even and odd signal

4. energy and POWER signal

5. causal and non causal signal

1. deterministic and non deterministic signal.

2. periodic and non periodic signal

3. even and odd signal

4. energy and power signal

5. causal and non causal signal

correlation is USED in radar,sonar,digital COMMUNICATION GEOLOGY etc.

It is of TWO TYPES:

• cross correlation 
• auto correlation

correlation is used in radar,sonar,digital communication geology etc.

It is of two types:

1. COMMUTATIVE
2. ASSOCIATIVE
3. distributive
4. SHIFTING PROPERTY ETC.

1. DISCRETE SIGNAL
2. CONTINUOUS signal
3. NON continuous signal
4. PERIODIC signal
5. Non periodic signal.

In electronics, a SIGNAL is an electric current or electromagnetic field USED to CONVEY data from one place to ANOTHER. The SIMPLEST form of signal is a direct current (DC).

In electronics, a signal is an electric current or electromagnetic field used to convey data from one place to another. The simplest form of signal is a direct current (DC).

A continuous-time signal is a quantity of INTEREST that depends on an independent VARIABLE, where we usually think of the independent variable as time. Two EXAMPLES are the voltage at a particular node in an ELECTRICAL circuit and the room temperature at a particular SPOT, both as functions of time.

A continuous-time signal is a quantity of interest that depends on an independent variable, where we usually think of the independent variable as time. Two examples are the voltage at a particular node in an electrical circuit and the room temperature at a particular spot, both as functions of time.