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The government is taking huge efforts to reach to all sections of society through Right to Education.

According to M.E. Jones:

“Social change is a term used to describe variations in our modification of, any aspect of social progress, social patterns, social interactions or social organization”. The various factors of social change.

In all societies there are several conditions or causes that make for social change. These conditions are understood as factors. The change may occur internally. All the factors which bring change in society naturally or change comes from within society is known as intrinsic change.

Natural factor or Geographical factors: Change brought by natural conditions or change brought by environment is called as physical factor or geographical factors. Man and society exist within the environment. Whenever change occur in environment it brings change in society too.

According to Ian Robertson, relationship between social and environmental factors bring change in society. We find less change in polar region. More on banks of river.

When society grows complex. It brings more loss on geographical factors. Civilization brings convenience to man but develops controversies with environment.

Recently because of technological and scientific developments we find less influence of physical factor. Growth of culture and civilization minimize the influence of geography.

Biological factor: It indicates two types 

A) One is non human biological factor and 

B) Second is human biological factor. It is true that both constitute total life on earth. Mclver and page are the opinion that demographic or biological factors involves 

1)size of population 

2) structure of population 

3) Heredity 

4) race 

5) Birth rate 

6)Death rate 

7) fertility 

8) sex ratio

Six of population: People are assets, without men and women this society is useless. But the size of population is to balanced. We know that according to Malthus, more population leads to poverty. Similarly optimum size of population, theory explains that there should be balance between population and production of food. It fails we find change in society. To maintain balanced society we want population.

Birth rate and death rate: A high birth rate and low death rate leads to population increase. This brings various problems, like poverty, unemployment, housing problems etc Similar lower birth rate and higher death rate brings changes in society like that of scarcity of human resources, decrease in efficiently. This may create defense problem in nation.

Migration: It is one of the most influential activities which brings changes in society. Migration means movements of population from one area to another. There are two types of migration 

1) Urban rural migration 

2) Rural urban migration

Age and sex ratio: Population constitutes three elements in its structure children, youth and old. In every society the members of below fourteen years and more. But in china due to strick one child norm’ there is decrease in 0-14 years age children ratio. If youth population low economic development.

Cultural factor: Man is a social human being. Also man is a cultural being, the term society itself express that, it is a cultural phenomenon. Without culture it is difficult to understand social life.

Mainly three process can be observed which bring change:

(i) Discovery: discovery is the perception which unfold a reality that already exists, for egg. Vasco Da Gama discovered way to India by sea. 

(ii) Invention: invention is use of existing knowledge to produce something that did not exist before 

(iii) Diffusion: diffusion is the spread of cultural elements from one culture to another. For egg. Western culture is spreading in east. Buddhism and its culture spread in China and Sri Lanka.

Use of machines and technological tools are common in modem society. Scientific development and approach towards making life more convenient, help the growth of society Ogbum and Nimkoff remark that the Most novel phenomena in society is not capitalism but Mechanization. The role of technology can be discovered in the following ways:

Transport and communication: After 18th century, we see big changes in society due to industrialization, communication and transportation. Such development took place only because of growth in technology. As a result now modern technology has changed the joint family system and its relationships. Communication skills, transportation methods changed to such extent that today human world is called as “Global Village”.

Growth of classes: Industrialization leads to growth of urbanization. Industrialization brought opportunities for new professions. Youths are provided new jobs. Along with it new “Class” system developed in society. Society is classified as upper middle and lower class.

Agriculture: Changes in the agricultural technology directly influenced rural community invention of new agricultural tools and techniques’ chemical manures brought increase in agricultural production which influenced standard of living in village.

Biological factor: It indicates two types 

(A) One is non human biological factor and 

(B) Second is human biological factor. 

It is true that both constitute total life on earth.

Mclver and page are the opinion that demographic or biological factors involves 

(1) size of population 

(2) structure of population 

(3) Heredity 

(4) race 

(5) Birth rate 

(6) Death rate 

(7) fertility 

(8) sex ratio

Six of population: People are assets, without men and women this society is useless. But the size of population is to balanced. We know that according to Malthus, more population leads to poverty. Similarly optimum size of population, theory explains that there should be balance between population and production of food. It fails we find change in society. To maintain balanced society we want population.

Birth rate and death rate: A high birth rate and low death rate leads to population increase. This brings various problems, like poverty, unemployment, housing problems etc Similar lower birth rate and higher death rate brings changes in society like that of scarcity of human resources, decrease in efficiently. This may create defense problem in nation.

Migration: It is one of the most influential activities which brings changes in society. Migration means movements of population from one area to another. There are two types of migration 

(1) Urban rural migration 

(2) Rural urban migration.

Age and sex ratio: Population constitutes three elements in its structure children, youth and old. In every society the members of below fourteen years and more. But in china due to strick One child norm there is decrease in 0-14 years age children ratio. If youth population low economic development.

Natural disaster in India, cause massive losses of life and property. Droughts, cyclones, landslides pose greatest threat. Landslides are common in the lower Himalayas. Parts of Western Ghats also suffer from low intensity landslides. Floods are the most common natural disaster in India. The heavy southwest monsoon rain causes the Brahmaputra and other rivers to over-cross their banks, often flooding the surrounding areas. The floods kill and displace many. Temperatures in three Indian cities of Chennai, Mumbai and Delhi in the last five decades have seen a steady rise. This rise in temperature has led to a higher incidence of natural disaster storms, floods and drought, which have increased. The cost of damages has gone up. The latest cyclone Vayu in Gujrat have led to widespread devastation along parts of the eastern coast of India.

According to M. E. Lones:

“Social change is a term used to describe variations in our modification of any aspect of social process. Social patterns, social interactions or social organization”.

The characteristics of social change are:

Social change is Universal and Continuous: The change is true for all societies. Whether it is east or west, urban or Rural societies, for example in rural society change may be slow in urban society change may be rapid. Today in India we find rapid change from north to south. The extent of change may be different but every part of society Changes.

Society changes Social Change is Temporal: Social change never stops. It continues and is continuous. It is also called a process. Social change happens in time period and it is called as temporal. We see in society that many innovations, alterations, modifications take place from time to time regularly. Time is the best yard stick to measure change. We observe two different phenomena in two different time period.

Social change is Inevitable and Environment: Naturally change is inevitable because it is natural. Natural phenomena are inevitable to society. Hence, social changes are inevitable. Social change does not occur according to the interest of man. Social change does not go according to our interest only. It is changing naturally. Man changes its direction and speed.

Social change is Human Change: The sociological significance of the change consists in the fact that it involves the human aspect. The composition of society is not constant, but changing. The fact that people affect change and are themselves affected by it makes change extremely important.

Factors of Social change: Social change results from an interaction of a number of factors. A single factor may trigger a particular change, but normally is always associated with a number of factors. The physical, biological, technological cultural and other factors may together bring about social change.

Natural factor or Geographical factors:

(i) Change brought by natural conditions or change brought by environment is called as physical factor or geographical factors. Man and society exist within the environment. Whenever change occur in environment it brings change in society too.

(ii) According to Ian Robertson, relationship between social and environmental factors bring change in society. We find less change in polar region. More on banks of river. When society grows complex. It brings more loss on geographical factors. Civilization brings convenience to man but develops controversies with environment.

(iii) Recently because of technological and scientific developments we find less influence of physical factor. Growth of culture and civilization minimize the influence of geography.

Change is inevitable. Both Man and society must agree to face the changes. Human history, explain the struggle of man and society against the consequences of social change. Social change bring two types of changes one is positive change, which helps human life. Other type is negative in direction for which man show his resistance. Social development, social progress, social reformations can be listed as positive changes. Threat by natural calamity, environmental imbalance Ecological crises, war, pests, famine are the examples for change in negative direction in society.

Change in one aspect bring change in another parts of society. Direct change can be observed immediately but indirect consequences in other part of society is to be studied. Extent of change may be small but its effect is wide, and slowly influences in future. Technological changes created an arena for industrialization urbanization and modernization. Such changes brought new social problems like, slums, housing, rural urban migration. Such new consequences are in India also.

Ogburn explains that material culture changes whereas non material culture changes slow, which bring the consequences like cultural lag society always suspended by the problems of cultural lag, in simple we always talk about generation gap. After 1947 political changes in India brought many social changes. India accepted democracy.

Conclusion: All changes are not harmful and unjustifiable. Change and resistance to change both are advantageous and disadvantageous. Community should be cautious before it look to change. Specially in adopting new scientific inventions, there is need to study its effect on environment, pollution is a grave problem in modern world. Evaluation is always necessary before adopting artificial change. Change is meaningful and harmful. Society admits or rejects on its need.

Corruption takes place when people misuse their status and power. In the act of corruption, people dishonestly persuade someone to act in one’s  favour by a gift of money or other offerings. Problem of black money originates in economy. Black money is a major hindrance in the development of the country.

Corruption degrades the moral values and rules and regulations meant for the society. Trust of honest people on state laws, judicial process, government and administrate system decreases. Since India’s corruption is destroying its economy, breaking people’s morale and losing national and international reputation, it is rightly said that corruption is the evil of many economic and social problems.

Corruption degrades the moral values and rules and regulations meant for the society. Problem of black money originates in economy. Black money is a major hindrance in the development of the country. Trust of honest people on state laws, judicial process, government and administrative system decreases. Such people then experience frustration and disappointment.

Injustice and disparity in income originates which results into class struggle. This results in violation of human rights. Due to corruption, morality and national character comes at risk. This economic system of the nation becomes weak.

According to World Bank, “Corruption means the misuse of the public position for personal benefits.” From this definition we can say that corruption takes place when people misuse their status and power. In the act of corruption, people dishonestly persuade someone to act in one’s favour by a gift of money or other offerings. This act of persuading for personal benefits by offering money, etc. is called bribe. There are several forms of bribe and corruption.

They can be in the form of giving and taking money, gifts and presents in the form of costly ornaments or things or offering foreign trips, partial behaviour, influencing decision, favoring relatives and friends, etc. In India, corruption widely exists in most of the public and also some private sectors. Both, the giver and the taker of bribe are a part of corruption and so both are guilty and should be punished.

Economic competition has resulted in class – conflict, increase in materialism in the society

Teach for India campaign have transformed the lives of children in low-income communities.

They have re-imagined education by being holistic and differentiated such that every single child learns and grows to his or her fullest potential. 37,920 children have learned across Teach for India classrooms; They are committed to a singular goal – an excellent education for all children. Teach for India is striving to end the problem of educational inequality in India.

Economic disparity and resistance to change: Wide gap between the rich and poor also poses problems for change. People who have economic difficulties or problems cannot take the risk of inviting or supporting new things. They fear that such a step may prove to be very costly for them.

Invention and usage of new gadgets is change in material culture. While social evils like dowry, early marriage or domestic violence is strongly embedded customs and practices and part of non¬material culture. Material culture changes fast as compared to nonmaterial culture which are long-term change.

Every factor of social changes has both constructive or destructive results. Physical factors like natural calamities leads to displacement which affects human life. However, geographic condition may also be favourable for human settlements. Similarly, both over population and under population has its share of consequences. Ideas and cultural values also play a crucial role in social change but some ideologies when promote religious fundamentalism and superstitious beliefs does have negative consequences on society. The growth of large-scale industries has not only increased employment opportunities but also have given rise to exploitation.

This statement is False. 

1. Sometimes, changes proceed from one stage to another, like in a sequence, and in a single direction. For example, Auguste Comtes Theory of Three Stages of human thought is an example of linear change. 

2. It may also be multi- linear, that is, changes can take place in several different directions at the same time. 

3. Change may also be cyclical; for example, this is common in the world of fashion. Styles of dressing or which were popular few generations ago have become popular today.

As per Darwin’s theory, as the competition increases, only the fittest beings survive and weak beings perish. Therefore competition increases day-by-day.

1. Central Anti-Corruption Bureau was established in 1964. It undertakes investigation against the government officials who are found guilty of corruption charges. It has offices in all principal cities. Its Gujarat office is in Shahibaug, Ahmedabad.

2. Anti-Corruption Act was enacted by the Union Parliament in 1988, with the objective of providing transparent public life and to prevent misuse of power and authority by the government officials. If made it obligatory for the politicians (Ministers) and high officials to declare their assents as a punishable offense and empowered the government to confiscate these assets.

3. Right to Information and Citizen’s Charter were the steps taken in 2005 to curb corruption. Citizen’s Charter stipulates the time limit to complete the work. The Right to Information had the objective to bring transparency in the working of the government by giving right to the people to demand information.

4. Black Money Act, 2005 regarded corruption as a criminal offence.

5. Central Vigilance Commission and Gujarat Vigilance Commission undertake departmental inquiry of charges of corruption and misuse of power by the government officials.

6. The other legal provisions are:

Foreign Exchange Management Act

Money Laundering Act

Section 132 Customs Act, and

Appointment of Lok Pal and Lokayukta.

Education is a means to help develop ideas and skills, solve problems, transform people. People acquire knowledge, skills, develop, competencies and then use these to seek employment or self¬employment. The purpose of education, its content, its pedagogy is changing. Use of technology within education though e-learning, online education, smart boards, virtual classrooms, national digital library etc have brought about far reaching changes even within the field of education.

Many persons have opportunities to learn due to the efforts of the government. A special effort has been made by the University Grants Commission (UGC) to encourage education for trans¬gender persons. Educations can transform people lives.

This statement is True. 

1. Stages of economic development in human history are not limited to economic transformation in society. 

2. They promoted large scale political and social transformations. Amidst these changes, there continues to be a need for a decent livelihood and human welfare. 

3. Economic development affects different institutions like family, education etc. The growth of largescale industries led to a spurt in cities, employment opportunities, professionalism, exploitation, trade unionism and so forth.

This factor is of unique importance in social change. Stages of economic development in human history are not limited to economic transformation in society. They promote large scale political and social transformations. Economic development affects different institutions. The growth of large-scale industries led to employment opportunities, professionalism, exploitation, trade unionism and so forth. Economic competition has resulted in class-conflict increase in materialism in the society. The class divide continues to this day.

For example, peasant movement, women’s movements, labour movements, student movement, tribal movement etc. for conflict theorists – conflict is considered a basis for change in society. Globalization as a process continues to have a huge impact on Indian society. The LPG policy adopted by the government of India in 1991 has led to far reaching consequences on our political institutions, economy, family, education etc.

Child development and child welfare is a pre-condition of social development because,

1. The progress of any nation depends on the overall development of the children.
2. When children are protected, looked after and educated, they will become good citizens and will contribute to the well-being of the family progress of society and development of the nation.
3. Children are the property of the nation. Their upbringing and development needs proper care by the family and society for the future, of the nation.

Yes, it is necessary. Because it has brought in many changes in the social structure and functions of the society.

Maa Annapurna Yojana.

(d) Literacy

It is necessary for the common people to have general knowledge about the laws for the following reasons:

1. It will prevent them from committing crime and undergoing punishment for having committed crime. (Lack of knowledge of laws is not an excuse to break the laws.)
2. They will become aware of the exploitative practices and seek guidance to stop their exploitation.
3. They will be able to enjoy the rights conferred on them by the constitution.
4. They will become aware of the legal protection available to them.
5. Their loyalty towards the society, state and nation will enchans.
6. They will be able to perform their fundamental duties and contribute to the society.
7. People can live with self-respect when they have knowledge of laws.

(b) United Nation

Correct option is (d) Six

The Constitution of India has conferred the following Fundamental Rights on the citizens:

1. Right to Equality
2. Right to Freedom
3. Right Against Exploitation
4. Right to Freedom of Religion
5. Cultural and Educational Rights and
6. Right to Constitutional Remedies.

Due to reasons such as low literacy rate, lack of knowledge and understanding, people do not possess information about day-to-day laws in our country. Since people do not have knowledge about law, they violate law, ignorance of law is not an excuse in the court of law.

So, people are fined a punished as per the legal system. Moreover, people having knowledge about basic rights and laws can help in maintaining a just society, peaceful environment and respecting and treating all others equally. Hence, it is important to make people aware about basic laws and rights.

Child labour is very much in demand due to the following reasons:

1. Child labour is much cheaper in comparison to adult labour. The employers are able to extract more work and give less wages to the child labourers.
2. Child labour is unorganized and cannot protest against exploitation.
3. Child labour is available in plenty owing to the poverty.
4. Illiterate and poor parents in the rural areas send their children to work to fulfill the family needs.

The condition of children under labour is extremely bad in the country. Such a bad condition is the result of poor governance and ineffective implementation of laws made in the country. This is one of the main reasons why people involve in child labour. Poverty, illiteracy among parents, big family, family requirements, unemployment of adults in family, desire to increase family income are among the chief reasons for children to enter into child labour.

Sometimes children are sent to bigger cities for work or they are kidnapped or they become victims of child-trafficking. Hunger and shelter forces such children to enter into child labour. Sometimes children who have fled their house and have taken shelter in the house of their relatives or acquaintances Eire forced to enter into labour as compensation of staying there.

Despite legal provisions, children are employed in hazardous environments such as manufacture of fire crakers kiln.

They are employed in factories and at construction sites. They are employed in shops, hotels, dhabas and tea-stalls. They are employed in agricultural sector, animal husbandry and fishery, and to pick-up plastic and debris, pulling carts and in garages. They are employed as domestic helpers and in distribution of newspapers, etc.

(a) The number of child laborers is less so they are not easily available

The United Nations adopted the Charter of Children’s Rights in 1992 for the welfare and development of children. These rights have been included in our Constitution.

These Juvenile Right/Rights of the children are as follows:

1. Every child has right to live without discrimination on the basis of caste, color, language or nationality.
2. It is the right of the child to get proper upbringing by the parents. A child cannot be separated from the parents without any substantial reason.
3. It is legal right of the child, to get education so that he can develop his personality.
4. Every child has a right to healthy life. The child has a right to live happily by participating in games and entertainment.
5. Every child has a right to conserve his culture and live amongst his religious community.
6. Every child has a right to protest against any physical or mental torture, the use of narcotic drugs, protection from inhuman form of punishment or fine.
7. Every child has a right to obtain security and proper standard of living for its mental, physical and moral development.

The Right to Information Act was enacted by the Government of India on 15th June, 2005.

Its objectives are as follows:

1. To ensure transparent, clean and simple administration operations.
2. To seek co-operation of people to bring about transparency in administration.
3. To enable people to seek information/ proper reply about their pending work.
4. To seek information about various schemes and related aspects.

The process for obtaining information is as follows:

The applicant has to pay a fixed fee of ₹20/- in cash/postal order/ pay order/- affixing non-judicial stamp along with the application. The BPL families have been exempted from the payment of fee. The application may be handwritten or typed and signed by the applicant.

This can be also e-mailed to the concerned department. Applicant has to pay charges per page for the copy of document. Applications are received by the Assistant Public Information Officer (APIO) who issues receipt/acknowledgment after putting serial – ID number on the application.

ID number has to be mentioned in the subsequent correspondence. The APIO is required to give reply within 30 days from the date of receiving application. The APIO may refuse to give information on the specified matters such as those related with national security. In case the APIO does not furnish information within 30 days, the applicant can approach Public Information Officer (PIO) with 30 days of rejection.

For the appeal, the applicants are not required to pay any fees. In case the information does not come, the applicant can make an appeal to the Chief Information Officer of the state within 90 days.

The Union Parliament enacted the National Food Security Act in 2013 to provide the right to Food Security to means that “every person gets nutritious food for remaining active and living healthy life”.

The objectives of the National Food Security Act are as follows:

1. To satisfy the food requirement of the increasing population of the country by ensuring adequate quality and quantity of the food and to supply the same at a concessional rate.
2. To curb malnutrition by giving encouragement to increase the production of the nutritious food.
3. To provide food security to the Antyodaya and the BPL families.
4. To provide food nutritious food the pregnant and feeding women.
5. To make the Public Distribution System (PDS) efficient, transparent and simple.

The provisions of the Act are as follows:

1. To provide food grains to the needy and poor families in the urban and the rural areas at a concessional rate.
2. These families will be provided food grains and subsidized price as under:
   • Rice 3 ₹ per kg.
   • Wheat 2 rupees per kg
   • Coarse grains 1₹ rupee per kg.
3. They will be also supplied sugar, iodized salt, kerosene and edible oil at a subsidized rate.
4. These food grains will be supplied in fixed quantity of 5 kg per person per month.
5. The government would pay an allowance of ₹ 6000 to pregnant women.
6. Food security allowance will be paid to beneficiary in case they decide not to purchase food grains.
7. 35 kg food grains per month will be supplied free to the Antoyodaya and the BPL families.
8. The state government will prepare the list of those families which will receive the benefits on priority. The same will be updated and displayed in public places and website.
9. Biometric identity cards will be issued to the beneficiaries along with ration card.
10. A mechanism to deal with the complaints will be set up by the state government, Nodal Officers will deal with the complaints.
11. The State Food Commission will be set up and Food Commissioner will be appointed to implement the scheme.

1. Global

2. International Elderly

3. Legal right

4. 2009

5. Food Security

The problems of elderly people are universal. In India the number of elderly people has increased due to the increase in the expectancy of life. 

This has led to the following social and physical problems:

1. Children are forgetting their moral responsibilities, values and culture due to the influence of the western culture.
2. The joint families have been replaced by the nuclear families.
3. Many elderly people are compelled to live in ‘Old Age Homes’.
4. As most elderly people have retired from their professions, they have very little or no income. They are helpless people who depend on their children for the fulfillment of their basic needs.
5. Their physical and emotional needs are neglected. They feel neglected and insecure.

Provisions made for protection and welfare of elderly:

Attention was drawn to the problems of the elderly people. The Government of India has adopted the National Policy for the Senior Citizens. 

The following provisions have been made for the protection and welfare of the elderly people as well as senior citizens:

1. The National Policy has provided pension to elderly people.
2. Higher interest rate is prescribed on their savings with the Post Offices and Banks.
3. They are given 30 to 50 percent concession on buses, rail and air tickets.
4. The state governments have started ‘Old Age Homes’ in every district with adequate facilities.
5. A number of seats in the public transport are reserved for them.
6. Gardens have been developed in cities wherein they can leisurely sit/walk and participate in Music and Yoga activities with the other elderly people.
7. Parental Care and Welfare Act, 2007 protects them from domestic violence, exploitation an abuse. Any harassment by children is a cognizable offence.
8. The responsibility of maintaining parents is imposed on their children/ relatives.
9. The government honours the senior citizens for their contribution in the making of the nation.

The ‘Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act’ or ‘Right to Education (RTE) Act’ is an Act of the Parliament of India enacted in the year 2009! According to 86th Amendment in Indian Constitution, primary has been made free and compulsory for all the children of age group 6-14 years.

This is a major step in the direction of developing children as the future citizens of India. With the objective of physical, mental and all-round development of children, necessary educational opportunities have been created and which also meet the demand of qualitative primary education.

Not only is the education made free, the government has also made specific norm which are to be followed while providing the free education. The norms have been set with a view of providing proper education facilities and maintaining physical and mental health of the students.

With the aim, the government provides facilities like:

1. Proper school building and classrooms and giving grants to the schools.
2. Laboratory and electricity.
3. Pure drinking water providing midday meal.
4. Maintaining the quality and qualification of teachers and developing and maintaining standard format for recruitment, etc.

(1) According to RTE Act, every child between the age group of 6 to 14 years should get admission in the school close to his locality. Children who do not birth certificates as age proof cannot be refused admission in the school.

(2) If the child is older than 14 years but has hot completed primary education, then he should be provided education free of cost.

(3) At the time of admission, the age of the child should be 6 years and if he does not have birth certificate, then hospital records, age-related affidavit of parents should considered as age proof for admission.

(4) All the students should be given admission without discrimination.

(5) No fees including capitation fees, admission fees, deposit, etc. can be taken.

(6) At the time of admission, neither children nor parents should be interviewed. Moreover, no test should be conducted for the parents for admitting their child. Admission should not be given on the basis of income or educational qualification or capabilities of parents.

(7) To see that the children of age 3 to 5 years also get educated, a revolutionary step has been taken for the first time by taking nursery schooling under the law.
As a result, rules have been framed providing special training to pre-school teachers, designing their courses, curriculum and evaluation.

(8) According to this Act, provision has been made for the children of weaker section and backward classes (SCs and STs). According to it, if students of these castes and tribes are interested in studies and if their families fall in the category of BPL then they should be admitted in the government recognized private primary schools. As per the order, it is compulsory that 25% students of 1st standard should be from these sections of the society.

(9) Schoolteacher are not allowed to take private tuitions.

(10) All the under-qualified teachers of the school should obtain necessary academic qualification within 5 years.

(11) Any child who has not completed his primary education cannot be terminated from school until being transferred.

(12) in the private primary schools, the fees of children belong to SC and ST is paid by the government as per some fixed conditions.

(13) For the compliance of provisions of this law a scheduled management, tribunal or say state council has been provisioned. The Director of the School may be fined or recognition of the school can be terminated if this Act is not followed.

Desire for stability:

Society and its functions go smooth with required stability. Individuals are safe in stable society. Change disturbs the balance in present society. Often change brings insecurity to people in society. Common men feel

1. No guarantee in new social system, and 

2. New things may bring pain. 

3. Pleasure and comforts may not exists in new 

4. Wants to maintain present status. Therefore, members in stable conditions do not accept change. Desire for stability is guard against change.

The difference between progress and Evolution:

The two features of progress are:

(i) Social progress is basically a type of change but it denotes a change towards some goal. 

(ii) It is defined in terms of our values.

(b) Emile Durkheim – Anomic suicide

More often than not, social change is a result of the interaction of multiple factors. 

1. Physical factors : This factor is also known as geographical or natural factor. Physical factors consist of climatic conditions, physical environment, biodiversity, natural resources etc. Social change is to some extent conditioned by physical factors. Natural calamities such as famine or drought affect human lives. The Latur earthquake in 1993, in Maharashtra had long-term impact in terms of displacement. However, geographical conditions may also be favourable for human settlements. For example, people who live in areas which have plenty of rain, suitable soil conditions, rich in minerals have progressed more rapidly. 

2. Biological factor : This factor is also known as demographic factor. Biological factors influence numbers i.e., population, sex composition, birth rate and death rate, fertility rate and the hereditary quality of successive generations factors like size and composition of population produce social change. Socioeconomic development and access to opportunities is affected by size of population. For example, the growing population of senior citizens or declining number of youths in some communities creates new challenges for society. 

3. Socio-cultural factor : Any change in cultural order is accompanied by a corresponding change in the whole social order. Cultural diffusion is a source of change. Ideas propounded by biologist Charles Darwin, psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud and thinker Karl Marx, for example, in the past century, have had significant impact across the globe. Also, there are negative consequences of ideologies that promote religious fundamentalism, extremist thinking, superstitious beliefs and practices which are stumbling blocks to change.

4. Economic factor : Economic development affects different institutions. The growth of large- scale industries led to a spurt in cities, employment opportunities, professionalism, exploitation, trade unionism and so forth. Economic competition has resulted in classconflict increase in materialism in society. The ‘conflict approached’ as stated by Karl Marx has had a significant impact on understanding social change and also on movements against injustice in society. For example: peasant movement, labour movement, women’s movement etc. Globalization as an economic process continues to have a huge impact on Indian society.

5. Technological factor : One of the benchmarks of a so-called civilized society is its extent of technological development. Technological development continuous to be an index of the overall progress of society. Our daily life is increasingly loaded with the effects of technology from our homes to our work places, entertainment, voting, banking, e-business, e-governance, etc., opportunities for e-learning, online examination is possible today, due to technological innovations. 

6. Educational factor: Education is a means to develop ideas and skills, solve problems, transform people. People do acquire knowledge, skills, develop competencies and then use these to seek employment or selfemployment. Use of technology within education through e-learning, online education, smart boards, virtual classrooms, have brought about far reaching changes even within the field of education.

The term social change is an objective term because it has not value-judgments attached to it. In sociology, social change as a social phenomenon is neither moral nor immoral, but amoral.

Two characteristics of social change are:

(i) Social change is universal 

(ii) It involves tempo and some direction.

Unplanned change refers to change resulting from natural calamities such as famines and floods, earthquakes volcanic eruptions, etc.