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In the Census taken by the British Government in the year 1860 information about the caste was included

Correct answer is (d) Gandhiji

Nuclear family is one which consists of the husband, wife or wives and their children.

According to Durkheim in his book “The elementary forms of Religious life” defines Religion as a unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things that is to say, things set apart and forbidden.

According to Durkheim:

"Education as the socialization of the younger generation and it is a continuous efforts to impose on the child ways of seeing feeling and acting which he could not have arrived at spontaneously".

The term education derived from the Latin word Educare which means ‘To bring up’.

Allocative function, Reformative function.

The basic unit of the social structure in every society is the family. It associated with such emotive issues as love, marriage, home and childbearing.

According to Maclver and Page:

“Marriage is a durable association between husband and wife for procreation and upbringing of children and requires social approval”.

According to Durkheim:

“Education as the socialization of the younger generation and it is a continuous efforts to impose on the child ways of seeing feeling and acting which he could not have arrived at spontaneously".

Correct Answer is :a. Religion

d. Social institutions

Correct Answer is :b. Religion

Jyoti Rao Phule was later known as Mahatma Phule. He started a Social Reformation Movement in Maharashtra.

• He gave leadership to a fight against Brahmin domination and Jati system. 
• He worked for the education of the lower castes and women.
• He rejected the idea of ‘puritypollution’ (suddha- asuddha) concepts. 
• He worked for righteousness and human rights of the lower castes.
• He found the Satyajodhak Samaj.

• Jati is decided by birth. 
• Marriage in the same group (Swagana Vivaham). 
• Restrictions in food items and sharing of food. 
• Hierarchical system by giving people high, low and middle status. 
• Upajatis and upa-upajatis 
• Kulathozhil (specied family jobs)

In fact, the actual relation between Jati and Varna is often debated by scholars. There are many imaginary concepts about this. Varna system is an all-India system. The 4-Varna system can be seen everywhere in India. But Jati is a regional or local institution. A Jati found in one area of India may not be found in another area. The Jati chain is different in each area. The main difference between Jati and Varna is in the number. Vamas are 4. But there are hundreds of Jatis and Updates. The Jati system is highly complicated.

The family in which newly married couples stay with the family of the father of the groom is called Patriarchal family .

Jati is translated as ‘caste’ in English. Caste actually comes from Portuguese. It means ‘pure breed’. Jati shows a social arrangement of people based on birth. Varna is another word that means Jati. Both these words ‘Jati’ and ‘Varna’ are often used as synonyms. But actually there are some differences between them. Varna is a Sanskrit word. It means color. The ‘Varna’ system originated during the Veda period. At that time the people were divided into four groups – Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaisya, and Sudra. This 4-class division is called Varna, in these 4 groups, a good number of people were not included.

They were excluded from the 4-Varna system. They included those ostracised from the Jati, foreigners, slaves and the people of the defeated nations. These people who were excluded from the 4-Varna system were called ‘Panchamar’ or ‘the fifth group’. Jati is a common name to indicate a group. In this, even inanimate things, plants, animals and persons were included. Thus Jati is simply an institution and S does not mean Varna.

Coreect answer is b) G.S. Ghurye

Not drinking alcohol

The two functions of marriage are:

(i) Regulation of sex life 

(ii) Marriage regulates sex relations also 

(iii) Marriage leads to the establishment of the family 

(iv) Provides for economic co-operation

Jati, Tribe (Gotram), Family

The two secondary functions of family are:

(i) Economic function

(ii) Educational function 

(iii) Religious function 

(iv) Recreational function

James G. Frazer considered Religion as a belief in power superior to man which are believed to direct and control the course of nature and human life.

Elements of Religion:

Supernatural and the Sacred: At the centre of almost every religion lies the idea of the supernatural. It is something beyond physical understanding. It is omnipotent, infinite or extraordinary. According to E.B. Tylor Belief in supernatural begins is called religion’. Belief in the supernatural begins might also include belief in other kinds of begins like magic forces, angles or soul of dead ancestors, believers might arrange the supernatural begins in a hierarchy according to their power or they may differentiate the supernatural begins in terms of their functions. It should be interesting to note that Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva, the three Hindu Gods, are said to perform the function of creation of the cosmic order, its maintenance and destruction, respectively.

Beliefs and practice: Religious belief is a system of knowledge about the divine and its relationship with the human. It is simply not enough to believe in the existence of a supernatural force. The knowledge of its existence must be explained to people and to generations to come. Belief serves this purpose of revealing the existence of the supernatural or divine or the sacred. Belief explains the nature of the divine.

Provides Moral Prescriptions: Religion is the source of moral values, and religion without moral prescription is virtually not possible. Religion can distinguish between the right and the wrong, more powerful than other social institutions.

Methods of Salvation: Methods of salvation constitutes another elements of Religion.

If maybe in various forms like attaining Moksha, Nirvana, Salvation, and the Christian has a redeemer in Christ, the son of God, who gave his life for man’s Sin. In short religion is the institutionalized set of beliefs. Men hold about supernatural forces belief are formalized and regularized.

The two functions of families are:

(i) Primary functions

(ii) Secondary functions

Allocative function:

The education process, with its different specialization, different levels and certification process which goes along with it, allocates the younger generation to various roles in society according to their possession of or lack of appropriate diplomas and degree, specifying particular skills, abilities and values. Thus it legitimizes the existing distribution of position of socio-economic gains and power by convincing the losers or relative loss that their failure in life is due to their failure in education, which interim is due to their lack of abilities.

Moreover, this allocative function induces greater demands for more and more education and thus conti mutes to the expansion of education system and increase the common people’s dependence on and subjugation to. It is true that some of the so called universal goals of education in a society articulate the thinking of philosophers and social reformers of the times, for instance, Gandhiji’s.

The basic unit of the social structure in every society is the family. It associated with such emotive issues as love, marriage, home and childbearing.

According to Macular and Page:

“Marriage is a durable association between husband and wife for procreation and upbringing of children and requires social approval”.

The characteristics of family are:

Family is an Universal: As stated earlier, the family is the most permanent and pervasive of all social institutions. All societies both large and small, private and civilized, ancient and modern, have institutionalized the process of procreation of the species and the rearing of the young. It is a permanent and universal institution and one of the constants of human life.

Biological Basis of the Family: The institution of the family is to be explained in terms of biological factor-the existence of two sexes and the sexual character of reproduction in the human species. It appears as s natural answer to the human sexual drive, a phenomenon solidly based in the biology of the human organism.

Limited size: Family is defined as a primary group. It may include parents and their unmarried children or parents and their children. The bonds that the together these limited number of members with limited common interests are the outcome of emotional factors such as love, mutual affection and solicitude. This emotional basis of the family makes it an ideally suitable primary social group in every society.

Common Residence and Nomenclature, satisfy basic needs: The family is one of the most durable of all social institutions. Each family has s residence, an address and a name, a family can mean two quite different things depending upon the vantage from which we view it.

Each family has common habitation for its living. Without a dwelling place, place the task of childbearing and rearing cannot be adequately met. however, family has a wider meaning than mere household since a family can be spread out geographically sometimes but yet emotionally, socially and legally be known as a family.

The educational system tries to embrace almost all people where they are young and equip them with at least the minimum skills of literacy and numeracy education.

Preservative function: As the transmission of culture is needed for the preservation of social order, it is also called the preservation function of education. Social structure persists only with the aid certain values and these values have to be handed down to the next generation. When the values and skills become absolute with the passage of time replacing them with new vistas is also a major function of education.

With the growth of modem economy and the complexity of socioeconomic structure. This is usually achieved through the political and administrative apparatus. The knowledge, skill and values acquired through education not only meet the economic needs of society, but also permeated with a social content corresponding to the existing socio-economic and political structure and the consequent social stratification and distribution of power in society.

Allocative function: The education process, with its different specialization, different levels and certification process which goes along with it, allocates the younger generation to various roles in society according to their possession of or lack of appropriate diplomas and degree, specifying particular skills, abilities and values.

Thus it legitimizes the existing distribution of position of socioeconomic gains and power by convincing the losers or relative loss that their failure in life is due to their failure in education, which interim is due to their lack of abilities. Moreover, this a locative function induces greater demands for more and more education and thus contributes to the expansion of education system and increase the common people’s dependence on and subjugation to, it is that some of the so called universal goals of education in a society articulate the thinking of philosophers and social reformers of the times.

Reformative function: Education is of fundamental significance to the development and progress of human society. Although education as a process of socialization. Education has also the capacity to liberate the human mind from shackles of the pass and the present.

It has the potential to make men question the ruling values and norms in society, to make them rebel- against the existing social constraints and to solutions to the developed social contradiction and constraints outside the frame work of he established system. This we call the transformative, progressive or reformative function of education.

The American sociologists Bowles and Gintis argues that the major role of education in modem world is the reproduction of labor power. The education system helps to achieve these objectives largely through the hidden curriculum. It is not the content of lessons and the examinations that pupils take which are important, but the form that teaching and learning take and the way that schools are organized. The hidden curriculum consists of those things that pupils leam through the experience of attending school, rather than the stated educational objectives of such institutions.

According to Bowles and Gintis, the hidden curriculum shapes the future workforce in the following ways:

1. it helps to produce a Subservient workforce of uncritical, passive and docile workers. Far from living up to liberal ideal of encouraging self-development. 

2. Bowles and Gintis claim that the hidden curriculum encourages an acceptance of hierarchy. Schools are organized on a hierarchical principle of authority and control. 

3. At school, pupils leam to be motivated by external rewards, just as the workforce in a capitalist society is motivated by external rewards. Because students have so little control over, and little feeling of indolent in, their schoolwork, they get little satisfaction from studying.

1. Family 

2. Marriage 

3. Religion

The characteristics of marriage are:

Marriage is more or less a universal institutional: It is found among the pre-literate as well as literate people. It is enforced as a social rule in some of the societies. For example. In Japan celibacy is publicly condemned. In Korea, unmarried individual are called ‘Half’ persons. Among the Hindus, marriage is a sacrament which is regarded as more or less obligatory.

The Todas of Nilagiri refuse to perform funeral rites for a girl if she dies before her marriage. But they do perform it after completing some sort of marriage ceremony for the corpse. According to the Chinese philosopher Confucius, an individual who remains unmarried throughout his life commits a crime.

Relationship between Man and Woman: Marriage is a union of man and woman. It indicates a relationship between one or more men to one or more women. Who should marry whom? One should marry how many? Are the questions which represent social rules regarding marriage differ significantly.

Marital bond is relatively durable: Marriage indicates a long lasting bond between the husband and wife. Hence, it is not co-extensive with sex life. It excludes relationships with prostitutes or any other sexual relationship which is viewed as casual and not sanctioned by custom, law or church. Marital relationship between man and women lasts even after the sexual satisfaction is obtained.

Marriage requires social approval: A union of man and woman becomes a marital bond only when the society gives its approval. When marriage is given the hallmark of social approval, it becomes a legal contract.

Marriage is associated with some civil or religious ceremony: Marriage gets its social recognition through some ceremony. This ceremony may have its own rites, rituals, customs, formalities, etc, it means marriage has to be concluded in public and in a solemn manner. Sometimes as s sacrament it receives the blessing of religion. Marriage among the Hindus, for examples, is regarded as a sacrament. It is connected with the sacred rituals such as- Vagdana. Homa, Kanyadana, Magalia Dharana, Saptapadi, Ashmarohana, etc.

Marriage creates mutual obligations: Marriage imposes certain rights and duties on both the husband and wife. Both are required to support each other and their children.

Family is the first school and mother is the first teacher is the dictum that sufficiently explains the role of informal education in moulding human nature and personality.

1. The social institution is that whole of roles states moral values and function catering to the social needs of human beings. 

2. According to ‘Summer and Keller’, “Like living that have organs and cells, societies also have customs and institutions.

1. Socialization : it aids the spread of values like truthfulness patience peace, sacrifice etc. 

2. Social unity : By employing symbols and customs, religions creates unity among the members 

3. Protection of values : These values are supported by all the religions. 

4. Social control : It controls the human life through god and spiritual concepts.

1. Medium of culture: Social institutions are transfer the knowledge and customs and values from one generation to other in society. 

2. Full fill the needs of members in society 

3. Regulate the behaviour of members.

Ex:- School corrects our bad behaviour. 

4. Social institutions provide roles of individuals. 

Ex:- Family assigns relationships based on the age.

1. Universal. 

2. Social institutions have rules. 

3. Social institutions fulfill the basic needs 

4. Written and Unwritten rules and regulations. 

5. Interconnected relationship.

1. Nourishment of the members The elders like grandparents take care at babies with gocaution till they become grownups. .

2. Security and Socialization It mainly provides skills and nourishment needed for the younger members to become part of 

3. society as adults.

1. Social needs

2. Universal

3. Medium

4. Preservation

School is the agent of formal education.

The non-formal stream in the educational system also aims to give relevant information without assessments tests and so on.

(i) workplace

(ii) Schools

(iii) Transnational

(d) Disseminate ideas and knowledge – Education

(i) Modern

(ii) Formal

(iii) Informal

(iv) Non-formal

(v) Non-formal

The eldest female is the head in matriarchal family.

Coca-Cola, Colgate, Palmolive are example of Transnational Corporations.

Marriage is an important social institution Marriage is as old as human civilization. 

Functions of Marriage  :

1. Social sanction:- 

• It provides social sanction/or a man and woman to live together. 
• Marriage provides entry to the family life. 
• It allows the couple to stay together . and lead a life. 
• Marriage is as old as human civilization. 

2. Base for the family:- 

• The procreation of children, their upbringing and nourishment takes place within the family. 
• Marriage often creates unity. 
• Marriage brings people together people from different social back ground and foster unity. 

3. Legal sanctity in relationship:- 

• The child born out of this marriage is the legal heir for the property of both the families. 
• The continuity of the society is ensured through marriage and family. 
• The relationship is guided by the law and the land also.

1. Formal education is planned with a specific end in view. 

2. It involves direct schooling and instruction. Since it is provided to fulfill specific ends, formal education is limited to a specific period. Formal education has a well-defined and systematic curriculum based on aims designed according to the needs of society.

Example : Schooling and education are considered as a formal education based on formal curriculum with specific subject and skills.

1. Cohabitation is the sharing of a household by an unmarried couple. 

2. Live in relations or cohabitation may or may not lead to marriage. Example : Younger generations specially in many parts of Europe and in some urban areas in India are preferring cohabitation as family relation. This is especially true among same sex couples.

Increased industrialization has led to demand for literate and numerate workforce.

a. Summer and Keller

The development of computer and information technology is a third technological revolution.

(d) Division of labour – Industrial Revolution