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The Domestic Violence Act was enforced in 2005.

The Bio-Diversity Act was came into effect in 2002.

The Widow Remarriage Act was implemented in 1856.

Jyothibha Phule.

The Appiko movement was started in 1983 by the villagers of Salyani.

Causes for Dalit Movement: 

(a) Social injustice: As per the law of nature, all men are born equally. But in practice, equal treatment and equal opportunities were denied. Exploitation in society was widespread.

(b) Economic inequality: Dalits worked in the lands of upper caste class and were responsible for the wealth of feudalist upper castes. In spite of it, they were treated inhumanly and were not given proper share.

(c) Discrimination: It was rampant in all walks of life. They were not allowed to enter into the temples and not allowed to use the water from public ponds.

(d) Lack of awareness: Dalits were deprived of educational facilities which lead to lack of awareness. Hence atrocities mounted up. To create awareness dalit movement started.

Political Implications:

Legislative provisions in the constitution for Dalits are:

(a) As per Article 14, there should be equality before law. 

(b) As per Article 15(1) and (2) there should be no discrimination on the basis of caste. 

(c) As per Article 15(4) special provisions have been provided to the weaker sections. 

(d) As per Article 16 equal opportunities have been provided in public employment and reservation in appointment and promotion. 

(e) As per Article 17 untouchability has been prohibited. 

(f) As per Article 38 the state shall strive to promote welfare of the people minimize inequalities in income and eliminate inequalities in status, facilities and opportunities. 

(g) As per Article 39(a) the state shall direct its police towards securing right to adequate means of livelihood. 

(h) As per Article 46 there shall be no social injustice and exploitation on SC ST community. 

(i) As per Article 243D and 243T reservation has been provided for SC’s and STs in local body elections. 

(j) As per Article 332 reservation has been provided for SCs and STs in Lok Sabha and State Assembly elections.

Causes: 

The causes for Peasant Movement:

(a) Feeling of deprivation: Peasants are deprived of the facilities when compared to organized sectors like industry. They face problems like shortage of quality seeds, fertilizers and pesticides, lack of adequate price and support price waiving of loans, subsidies for agricultural implements, insurance for crops, etc.

(b) Negligence of farmers problem: The previous governments have neglected the interests of farmers. In this behalf Bengal Government banned the Blue Crop and acquired farmers’ lands and also imposed heavy taxes.

(c) Unbearable debts: Peasants raise loans from Banks and Financial Institutions but they are not in a position to repay it for reasons like market fluctuation, the tactics of brokers, etc. This leads to unbearable debts and they commit suicide.

(d) Natural calamity: Peasants depend more on monsoon which are usually irregular. Hence it is popularly known as ‘‘Indian agriculture is playing gamble with monsoons”. As a result, floods and famine, diseases to crops, soil erosion leads to infertility of the soil.

(e) Unscientific land acquisition: In the wake of Urbanisation and industrialization, the governments are acquiring cultivable lands of farmers. Many a tines, proper compensation is not given and they are not provided with alternate. As a result they become landless and unemployed.

(f) Support price: Amidst innumerable problems, farmers do not get adequate price to their produce. At that time the Government has to intervene and announce support price to the farmers produce. When the Government fails to do so, they intensify agitation.

All the above facts are the main causes for Peasant Movement.

Political Implications: The Governments have taken the following measures to reduce the problems of peasants:

(a) Agricultural Loans: The Governments have made provisions for the farmers to avail National Crop Insurance Programme. National Agricultural Insurance Scheme. Weather based Crop Insurance Scheme and Primary Land Development Bank was established to provide agricultural assistance to the farmers.

(b) National Agricultural Scheme: The National Development Council has made enormous arrangements in 2007 for the agricultural improvements. The National Agricultural Scheme was implemented to determine agricultural policy and provide essential facilities.

(c) Waiving of Debt: When farmers are not able to get the yield to their expectations, they cannot clear the debt. To uplift the farmers from debts, the Governments have taken necessary measures to wane the debts of farmers. This has reduced the suicide and death rate of farmers.

(d) Establishment of Peasant Liason Centre: The Peasant Liason Centres are opened to provide necessary information related to protect the farmers from low quality seeds, fertilisers and protection of crops from diseases.

(e) Veterinary Sendees: Government is providing veterinary sendee to the livestock which also supports agriculture. It also encouraging dairying and saavayava krishi.

(f) Land Reforms Act: National Land Reforms Act was implemented to provide justice to the real fanners.

The movements lead by Dr.B.R.Ambedkar was Bahishkrith Hitakarini Sabha.

1. People have differences of opinions, hence we hear different voices within a movement. 

2. In American Civil Rights Movement two voices arose. 

They were – 

a) Many people agreed with Dr. King that it was possible to achieve equality for all people through peaceful means. 

b) Many others like “Malcom X” thought that Blocks should fight for independence from white rule and for that they have to use all means including armed conflict.

1. Nuclear arms race intensified after the end of Vietnam war in 1975. 

2. More and more countries competed with each other to stock pile nuclear arms. 

3. Arms producing companies and governments created a war panic among the people. 

4. They created war like situation. 

5. People believed that war mongering and arms race made the world more unsafe. 

6. It also increased the possibility of a disastrous war for all countries.

7. Massive protests took place against these policies of governments.

The political implications of Human Rights Movement are as follows:

(a) National Human Rights Commission: It came into existence on 8^th January 1994. It prepares a list of human rights and get the approval by the government, whenever violation is done. Systematic inquiries are to be conducted and transparency should be maintained with the help of judiciary. The Commission has to enact new laws whenever the existing laws do not eater to the needs of the inquiry.

(b) State Human Rights Commission: It came into existence in 2005 to look into the matters of the violation of human rights in the state level.

(c) Child rights: Violation child rights are seen everywhere. The Deputy Commissioner is authorized to look into the details of exploitation on children. Measures are to be taken to register the complaints through Child Help Line in matters relating to child labour, child abuse, etc.

(d) Creating awareness: Awareness are being created in various stages against the violation of human rights. Grievances are disposed speedily so as to provide justice to the concerned.

1. The rights of black people in the USA are violated by law. 

2. They are met with inhuman treatment. 

3. They are discriminated in schools, transport facilities, job, housing and even in voting rights. 

4. But they are given right to freedom of movement. 

5. In Meira Paibi movements, the most suffered are women. 

6. Their right to life, liberty and security of person are taken away by special protection law. 

7. They are subjected to cruel and degrading treatment. 

8. Their men and children are detained on no fair cause. 

9. They are not even given the right to freedom of movement. 

10. Government has yet to take a decision on Meira Paibi’s demands.

1. The USA claims to be a democracy. 

2. It practised segregation, till the middle of last century. 

3. Democracies cannot afford to alienate their subjects. 

4. They cannot judge a person by the colour of the skin. 

5. They cannot shy away the protection of equal rights to all subjects. 

6. Democracy in this context needed to be more inclusive. 

7. All the black people are to be treated on same footing with others.

The basic features of social movements : 

1. They are based on values of justice, democracy and civil rights. 

2. Protection of the cultural sphere. 

3. The prevention of a change in societies structure and values.

4. Protection of livelihood and health. 

5. Equal treatment in the society. 

6. Protection from the consumption of alcohol and drugs. 

7. Protection of the environment. 

8. Protection of agricultural lands.

Social Movements, Their Political Implications, class-12, 

All India Trade Union Congress.

Chandi Prasad is the architect of CHIPKO Movement.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

Deputy Commissioner protects the Human Rights at the district level.

Labour movement.

The rights which are not separated from the human beings are called human rights.

(a) Negligence of farmers problem. 

(b) Unscientific land acquisition.

1. Usually people of the nation are suffering lot, whenever there is a nuclear tragedy. 

2. They really do not have any role in deciding the nuclear plant’s location or pollution factory. 

3. That will be decided by their representatives and their secretaries. 

4. They decide the locations taking into consideration, a lot of things like infrastructure, raw material, technology, etc. 

5. To deal with these situations the governments should take all the protective measures. 

6. In case of any adversity, they should respond well in time to support the people. 

7. They should see that proper care is taken about the affected and fair compensations were distributed among the suffered people.

1. Social Movements throughout the world used various strategies. 

2. Civil Rights Movement in the USA used civil disobedience (Violating discriminatory laws peacefully) and boycott of discriminatory services (like buses which segregate whites and blacks) 

3. Thousands of scientists and intellectuals from across the world campaigned for abolishing all nuclear weapons. 

4. Volunteers in the USA setout in a small ship “Green Peace’ in protest to underwater nuclear test of the USA. 

5. People used international laws to fight against the problems that factory workers and women affected in Bhopal gas disaster. 

6. Women led movements for social justice and human rights. 

7. People organised movements in protest to pollution, global warming and environmental degradation.

Elders of family, to maintain family respect and values go to the extent of killing their daughter if she heading towards inter caste and inter religious marriage.

Public property.

It is a movement that opposed the patriarchal values exploiting women and the creation of inequality on the basis of gender. Example: dowry harassment, rape, kidnaps and acid attacks, etc.

Mob is a collection of people which collects in place and indulges in a temporary thinking, demands and the related emotional expression. This expression is called Mob Behaviour.

God is truth.

Mob is a collection of people which collects in place and indulges in temporary thinking, demands and the related emotional expression. This expression is called Mob Behaviour. Many times, unrestrained the behaviour of people gathered in a mob reflects social shortcomings of that particular society. Often people express their dissatisfaction with many social institutions. People also express their dissatisfaction with many government policies, attitudes and decisions on specific programmes.

Martin Luther king set many ideals for the American society. 

Some of them are, 

а) Justice 

b) Liberty 

c) Equality 

d) Unalienable rights of life 

e) Pursuit of happiness 

f) freedom 

g) Democracy etc. 

He plans to achieve the ideals in the following ways: 

1. Negroes should not relax until their demands are met. 

2. Shaking the foundations of the government with revolt until the bright day of justice emerges. 

3. The struggle should be filled with dignity and discipline. 

4. By avoiding physical violence. 

5. Trusting some white people who sympathize with the blacks. 

6. He says that with faith all will be able to work together, pray together, struggle together, to go to jail together, to stand up for freedom together, knowing that there will be freedom one day.

Environmental movements are the scientific movements aimed at preserving the biological system. The Scientific protest aimed at curtailing the various activities that are polluting the Earth, air, and water. They never appear instantly. They are the result of many years of exploitations of nature and tribal people.

For example, Jarkhand Mukthi Morcha was formed in the year 1973. But before 1930, tribal people of Jharkhand had opposed the actions of companies that rendered thousands of tribal people displaced due to mining activities. Jharkhand Mukti Morcha is one such result of these agitations.

Democracy and Social Movements : 

1. Social movements are mostly the outcome of dissatisfactions in the society. 

2. The ruling democracies are not able to fulfil the expectations of people. 

3. Some section or the other in the society is suffering with denial of human rights or social justice.

4. Their ire is augmented and shapes into a movement. 

5. When governments are after nuclear arms and not providing peace and security to people usually people resent it and movements come up. 

6. When people are discriminated, they revolt against administration. Likewise, whenever there is lack of social justice and when there is a threat to environmental system also movements come out.

movement that opposed the patriar Chal values exploiting women.

Nandigram (West Bengal): 

1. Nandigram is a place on the bank of Haldia and quite far from Kolkata. 
2. In 2007, March the state government of West Bengal sanctioned the land there to set up Special Economic Zone by Salim Group. 
3. People of Nandigram resented it and led mass processions and struggle and 14 people died.

Niyamgiri (Odisha): 

1. Niyamagiri hills in Odisha state are famous for their bauxite reserves. Odisha government gave permission to British mining company Vedanta to mine bauxite from there in July 2013. 
2. People resented this, especially the tribals and organised many processions and later courts involved in this matter and by January 2014 the mining was disallowed. 

Sompeta, Polavaram in combined (Andhra Pradesh): 

1. Sompeta was a mandal in Srikakulam district of Andhra Pradesh and government at the state permitted Nagarjuna Company Limited to set up a thermal plant there in 2010. 
2. People supported by many opposition party leaders protested the decision of government and for three years there were long drawn struggles. 
3. Polavaram project is to be constructed on Godavari river spreading in East, West Godavari’s and Khammam. Government obtained permissions and started it in 2004. 
4. It has submerging areas and affecting, zones in Chattisgarh and Odisha also. Many conflicts were there to complete it.

The scientific protest aimed at curtailing the various activities that are polluting the Earth.

Kaiga in Karwar district

1. People who stood to be displaced from the project, demanded a fair compensation not just to those who own land, but all those who lived there. 

2. People realised that there was actually no adequate land available to compensate for the loss.

3. They also believed that it was really not possible to rehabilitate the displaced people properly. 

4. People began to realise that the problem was not compensation or rehabilitation but one of faulty notion of development. 

5. A development which was based on unsustainable use of natural resources, only paved way for setting up industries and commercial farms at the cost of farming and tribal communities.

1. Usually countries formulate their policies. 

2. People of countries meet together and avoiding war is distant from reality. 

3. Most countries in the world are democracies. 

4. People vest their powers through vote to their representatives who could administer them.

5. It may be looking simple but, it definitely may not be feasible. 

6. So, I cannot agree with this statement.

Narmada Bachavo movement is led by Medha Patkar.

1. Most of the times it is impossible to build factories, mines or power plants without throwing out the farmers or the tribal people. 

2. Because they need infrastructural facilities and raw material availability, they are to be set up like this. 

3. Governments should think of alternatives.

4. Protection of the farmers and tribals is also lied with the government. 

5. They should plan of no damage to these sectors of people or the minimum. 

6. In case of a compulsion, they must be given compensations like land, lump sums and employment. 

7. More importantly, government should concentrate on viable alternatives to protect the environment also.

Baba Ampte and Medha Patkar are the leaders of Narmada Bachavo Andolan.

M.D. Nanjundaswamy.

Legislations made by the Government of India to save the environment are as follows: 

(a) Wild Life Protection Act-1972. 

(b) Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1974. 

(c) Protection of Forest Act of 1980. 

(d) Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1981. 

(e) Environmental Maintenance Act of 1986. 

(f) Bio Diversity Act of 2002. 

(g) Forest (Conservation) Act 1980. 

The Government of Karnataka opened Regional Offices to protect the environment effectively. Measures are also taken to punish those who violate the law.

The causes for Peasant Movement:

(a) Feeling of deprivation: Peasants are deprived of the facilities when compared to organized sectors like industry. They face problems like shortage of quality seeds, fertilizers and pesticides, lack of adequate price and support price waiving of loans, subsidies for agricultural implements, insurance for crops, etc. ‘

(b) Negligence of farmers problem: The previous governments have neglected the interests of farmers. In this behalf Bengal Government banned the Blue Crop and acquired farmers’ lands and also imposed heavy taxes.

(c) Unbearable debts: Peasants raise loans from Banks and Financial Institutions but they are not in a position to repay it for reasons like market fluctuation, the tactics of brokers, etc. This leads to unbearable debts and they commit suicide.

(d) Natural calamity: Peasants depend more on monsoon which are usually irregular. Hence it is popularly known as ‘‘Indian agriculture is playing gamble with monsoons”. As a result, floods and famine, diseases to crops, soil erosion leads to infertility of the soil.

(e) Unscientific land acquisition: In the wake of Urbanisation and industrialization, the governments are acquiring cultivable lands of farmers. Many a times, proper compensation is not given and they are not provided with alternate. As a result they become landless and unemployed.

(f) Support price: Amidst innumerable problems, farmers do not get adequate price to their produce. At that time the Government has to intervene and announce support price to the farmers produce. When the Government fails to do so, they intensify agitation.

All the above facts are the main causes for Peasant Movement.

The Governments have taken the following measures to reduce the problems of peasants:

(a) Agricultural Loans: The Governments have made provisions for the farmers to avail National Crop Insurance Programme. National Agricultural Insurance Scheme. Weather based Crop Insurance Scheme and Primary Land Development Bank was established to provide agricultural assistance to the farmers.

(b) National Agricultural Scheme: The National Development Council has made enormous arrangements in 2007 for the agricultural improvements. The National Agricultural Scheme was implemented to determine agricultural policy and provide essential facilities.

(c) Waiving of Debt: When farmers are not able to get the yield to their expectations, they cannot clear the debt. To uplift the farmers from debts, the Governments have taken necessary measures to wane the debts of farmers. This has reduced the suicide and death rate of farmers.

(d) Establishment of Peasant Liason Centre: The Peasant Liason Centres are opened to provide necessary information related to protect the farmers from low quality seeds, fertilisers and protection of crops from diseases.

(e) Veterinary Sendees: Government is providing veterinary sendee to the livestock which also supports agriculture. It also encouraging dairying and saavayava krishi.

(f) Land Reforms Act: National Land Reforms Act was implemented to provide justice to the real fanners.

Dalit Andolan w’as started in Karnataka.

(a) Domestic Violence Act 2005. 

(b) Dowry Prohibition Act 1961.