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• Defense mechanisms are an indirect way to combat stress. 
• They are unconscious strategies used to protect the ego from breaking due to unacceptable/harsh reality. It functions as a shock absorber. 
• It should be used moderately as its excessive use leads to a habit of escaping from reality. 
• Some commonly used defense mechanisms are projection, displacement, and daydreaming.

Correct Answer is  Displacement

Frustration is a common emotional response related to anger and disappointment. When an individual is highly motivated to achieve something and when his goal-directed behaviour is blocked by an obstacle, it results in frustration.

Cortisol is the primary stress hormone. It increases sugar (glucose) in the bloodstream, enhancing the brain’s use of glucose and increases the availability of substances that repair tissues.

False 

Reason: Hyper stress does not lead to the best performance. Moreover, under the influence of hyper stress, a person may undergo panic leading to frustration.

• Acute distress is an intense, short-term negative stress while chronic distress is a long-lasting, recurrent negative distress. 
• Acute distress occurs when there is a sudden change in routine or when we experience panic or threat, e.g. traffic jam, accident. Chronic distress is the worst type of stress-causing constant changes in routine for a long period of time. e.g. illness of a family member, death of a spouse.

(i) Identification

(ii) Repression

(iii) Displacement

Leisure is quality time spent away from work, domestic duties, studies, after a heavily exhausting period. It has relaxing and recreational qualities. We have choice and freedom in our leisure time.

False 

Reason: Hypo stress leaves a person demotivated, unenthusiastic, bored and restless.

Hypo stress is an insufficient amount of stress which is caused when a person has nothing to do at all. Its effects are as follows:

• It leads to boredom. 
• It causes feelings of restlessness. 
• People become demotivated and unenthusiastic.

Correct Answer is  b. Hypo stress

Correct option is a. internal

True 

Explanation: Sometimes stress can be good because we can achieve optimum performance under moderate stress.

Correct option is b. Moderate stress

(i) False 

External stressors result in frustration, anger, and disappointment.

(ii) True 

The value of the goal is subjective. A goal may be attractive or unattractive based on whether an individual wants to achieve it or avoid it.

(iii) True 

Avoidance-Avoidance conflict involves two unattractive goals with negative values.

Correct option is  a. Frustration

False

Reason: A well-adjusted person may experience stress and discomfort at times because the degree of adjustment changes according to the situation and time.

Correct Answer is  Daydreaming

Correct Answer is  Rationalization

(i) Displacement

(ii) Daydreaming

(iii) Projection

(iv) Rationalization

• Kalpesh will feel very stressed if he does not have the level of intelligence or ability required to meet the goals. It would lead to anger and frustration. 
• There is also a possibility that he would feel extremely demotivated and leave the goal permanently.

True 

Explanation: Hyper stress leads to panic and exaggerated response because it occurs under extremely pressurising situations. In such a situation, a person may also throw temper tantrums leading to frustration.

False 

Reason: Compromise is a problem focused coping strategy.

Approach – Avoidance conflict

Correct option is b. stress

Internal stressors: These are stressors within us and we have to deal with them ourselves, e.g. a paralyzed individual may not be able to do any work which can lead to stress.

External stressors: These are stressors from the outside environment which result in frustration, e.g. forgetting the PIN while using an ATM machine.

Stressors are environmental conditions, external stimuli, or events that cause stress to an organism. There are two types of stressors, viz. internal stressors and external stressors.

Avoidance – Avoidance conflict

• Sujata is facing hypo-stress as she has nothing to do at all. It is possible that she feels very bored, demotivated, unenthusiastic, and restless. 
• In order to feel good about herself, she should pursue something she likes and diverts her mind.

(i) Arogya

(ii) Irritability

(iii) Hunger

• It is possible that Mehul might panic and go blank while writing the paper. 
• So, Mehul should be confident about what he has studied and hope that he does well in the exam.

Correct Answer is Defence mechanism

• Projection involves the individual attributing his own thoughts, feelings, and motives to another person while rationalization occurs when a person attempts to explain or create excuses for his failure. 
• By doing so, the individual avoids accepting the true cause of his failure. e.g. when a student has not studied for the exam, he may say that the questions were out of the syllabus (projection), e.g. when a person cannot afford a car, he says that cars are not environment friendly (rationalization).

(i) Repression

(ii) Identification

(iii) Projection

(iv) Sublimation

(i) Approach – Approach conflict

(ii) Avoidance – Avoidance conflict

(iii) Double Approach – Avoidance conflict

(iv) Approach – Avoidance conflict

Correct Answer is Withdrawal

(i) Approach – Approach conflict

(ii) Avoidance – Avoidance conflict

(iii) Double Approach – Avoidance conflict

Distress is a negative type of stress. Its ill effects are as follows: 

• Our body is flooded with emergency response hormones such as adrenaline and cortisol. 
• It can cause physical conditions like headaches, digestive issues, and sleep disturbances. 
• It can cause psychological and emotional strains like confusion, anxiety, and depression.

• In an attack strategy, an individual directly attacks the conflict as a direct way to resolve it. On the other hand, in withdrawal strategy, an individual may indulge in beating retreat or withdraw from the goal when he cannot achieve it after putting in his best efforts. 
• e.g. When an employee wants a promotion and gets negative feedback on his presentation, he tries to improvise his presentation, learns, and asks for help from his seniors to get promoted (attack), e.g. If the employee is not promoted due to flaws in his presentation, he may leave the job altogether (withdrawal).

• In compromise strategy, a person readjusts the goal to the nearest possible goal when he cannot achieve the original goal due to lack of capacity. Alternatively, in withdrawal strategy, a person may indulge in beating retreat or withdraw from the goal when he cannot achieve it after putting in his best efforts. 
• e.g. An individual who wanted to become an orthopedic surgeon but could not manage to get admission. So, he took up physiotherapy as a career (compromise), e.g. On not getting admission, the individual may give up the field of medicine and his dream of becoming a doctor and pursue something else (withdrawal).

• In emotion-focused coping, an individual focuses on the emotions resulting from stress. On the other hand, in problem-focused coping, an individual focuses effort on the problem and accepts the reality as it is. 
• e.g. Nilesh tries to avoid negative emotions by keeping his mind stable with meditation or stuff down negative emotions by fighting with others. This is emotion-focused coping, e.g. When a chef gets negative feedback about a dish he has made, he makes more efforts to improvise the dish. This is problem-focused coping.

(i) (A) Adrenaline

(ii) (C) three

(iii) (A) Latin

(iv) (A) valance

(v) (B) problem

• Eustress means good or a positive form of stress having a beneficial effect on health, motivation, performance, and emotional well-being (Merriam Webster). Conversely, distress is a negative type of stress and is experienced when the normal routine of an individual is constantly altered and adjusted.
• e.g. After a lot of practice, Amit is ready for his football match. He will experience eustress. e.g. Ajay is fired from his job and is not able to find a job anywhere else. He will experience distress.

(i) (B) compromise

(ii) (A) Freud’s

(iii) (B) ID

(iv) (C) Defence mechanism

(v) (A) suppression

Correct Answer is  Leisure

True 

Explanation: Conflict of motives is an internal stressor because the conflict is within the individual who has to choose between two or more equally strong and incompatible motives.

The three possible reactions to ApproachAvoidance conflict are:

• One may give importance to the positive value. 
• One may be very cautious about the negative value. 
• One may leave the goal altogether to avoid the situation.

Approach-Avoidance conflict is most difficult to resolve because: 

• An individual is attracted and repelled by the same goal. 
• There is only one goal that has both positive and negative values. 
• An individual has no choice. He has to accept the consequences of his choice.