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DIFFERENT TYPES of cores are:

• Rectangular CORE
• SQUARE core
• Stepped core

Different Types of cores are:

It is defined as the RATIO of copper AREA in the WINDOW of the total window area

It is defined as the ratio of copper area in the window of the total window area

It is the ratio of the AVERAGE FLUX DENSITY over the pole pitch to the maximum flux density. It is also KNOWN as flux DISTRIBUTION factor.

It is the ratio of the average flux density over the pole pitch to the maximum flux density. It is also known as flux distribution factor.

The HEAT can be DISSIPATED by

• CONDUCTION
• CONVECTION
• RADIATION

The heat can be dissipated by

It is DEFINED as the speed which the prime mover would have, if it is SUDDENLY unloaded when working at its RATED load.

It is defined as the speed which the prime mover would have, if it is suddenly unloaded when working at its rated load.

The DIFFERENT types of RATINGS are:

• Continuous DUTY
• Short time duty
• Intermittent periodic duty
• Intermittent periodic duty with starting
• Intermittent periodic duty with starting and BRAKING
• Continuous duty with intermittent periodic duty
• Continuous duty with starting and braking
• Continuous duty with periodic speed CHANGES

The different types of ratings are:

The AVERAGE flux density over the AIR GAP of a machine is known as Specific MAGNETIC Loading.

The average flux density over the air gap of a machine is known as Specific Magnetic Loading.

The number of Armature (and Stator) Amperage Conductors PER Metre of Armature (and Stator) periphery at the AIR GAP is known as SPECIFIC Electric LOADING.

The number of Armature (and Stator) Amperage Conductors per Metre of Armature (and Stator) periphery at the air gap is known as Specific Electric Loading.

It mainly consists of the following CIRCUITS:

• Magnetic circuit
• Electric circuit
• Dielectric circuit
• THERMAL circuit
• Mechanical PARTS

It mainly consists of the following circuits:

Although many LOW voltage, local electric distribution lines are buried underground, almost all high-voltage electric transmission lines are TRIED to be placed as overhead CABLES due to the cost DIFFERENCE.

Although many low voltage, local electric distribution lines are buried underground, almost all high-voltage electric transmission lines are tried to be placed as overhead cables due to the cost difference.

Line trap also is known as Wave trap. It helps in TRAPPING the high frequency communication SIGNALS SENT on the line from the REMOTE substation and diverting them to the TELECOM/ tele-protection panel in the substation control room (through coupling capacitor and LMU). The Line trap offers high impedance to the high frequency communication signals that obstructs the flow of these signals in to the substation Bus bars.

Line trap also is known as Wave trap. It helps in trapping the high frequency communication signals sent on the line from the remote substation and diverting them to the telecom/ tele-protection panel in the substation control room (through coupling capacitor and LMU). The Line trap offers high impedance to the high frequency communication signals that obstructs the flow of these signals in to the substation Bus bars.

SCADA (SUPERVISORY control and data acquisition) generally REFERS to Industrial Control SYSTEMS (ICS): computer systems that monitor and control industrial, infrastructure, or facility-based processes

SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition) generally refers to Industrial Control Systems (ICS): computer systems that monitor and control industrial, infrastructure, or facility-based processes

VACUUM circuit BREAKER uses CURRENT chopping circuit

Vacuum circuit breaker uses current chopping circuit

CURRENT chopping in CB is the incident of arc current interruption before normal current zero is reached. If this current is ENOUGH to deliver a voltage which is greater than restriking voltage than the arc will continue again. But gradually the current falls and certainly the voltage also reduces and FINALLY falls down the restriking voltage and ULTIMATELY arc is extinguished. It results in voltage OSCILLATION in the line which affects the electrical equipments

Current chopping in CB is the incident of arc current interruption before normal current zero is reached. If this current is enough to deliver a voltage which is greater than restriking voltage than the arc will continue again. But gradually the current falls and certainly the voltage also reduces and finally falls down the restriking voltage and ultimately arc is extinguished. It results in voltage oscillation in the line which affects the electrical equipments

The types of FAULTS in a THREE phase line are:

1. Phase-To-Earth Fault
2. Phase-To-Phase Fault
3. Phase-To-Phase-To-Earth Fault
4. Three-Phase Fault
5. Three-Phase-To-Earth Fault
6. Phase-To-Pilot Fault
7. Pilot-To-Earth Fault

The types of faults in a three phase line are:

The principal INSULATING materials used in CABLES are rubber, vulcanised India rubber, impregnated paper, VARNISHED CAMBRIC and polyvinyl chloride.

The principal insulating materials used in cables are rubber, vulcanised India rubber, impregnated paper, varnished cambric and polyvinyl chloride.

When a short circuit or overload OCCURS, the current through the fuse increases beyond its RATED VALUE which RAISES the temperature and fuse element melts (or blows out), disconnecting the circuit protected by it

When a short circuit or overload occurs, the current through the fuse increases beyond its rated value which raises the temperature and fuse element melts (or blows out), disconnecting the circuit protected by it

The process of achieving UNIFORM ELECTROSTATIC stress in the dielectric of cables is called GRADING of cables

The process of achieving uniform electrostatic stress in the dielectric of cables is called grading of cables

The assembly of APPARATUS used to CHANGE some CHARACTERISTICS (e.g. voltage, AC to DC, frequency, power FACTOR) of the electric supply is called a sub-station

The assembly of apparatus used to change some characteristics (e.g. voltage, AC to DC, frequency, power factor) of the electric supply is called a sub-station

The LIGHTNING surges may cause serious damage to the expensive equipments in the POWER SYSTEM (e.g. generators, TRANSFORMERS etc.) either by DIRECT strokes on the equipment or by the strokes on the transmission lines that reach the equipment as travelling waves.

The lightning surges may cause serious damage to the expensive equipments in the power system (e.g. generators, transformers etc.) either by direct strokes on the equipment or by the strokes on the transmission lines that reach the equipment as travelling waves.

It is a type of poly phase system and is the most common method USED by gridsworldwide to transfer power. In a three-phase system, three circuit conductors carry three ALTERNATING currents (of the same frequency) which reach their instantaneous PEAK values at different TIMES

It is a type of poly phase system and is the most common method used by gridsworldwide to transfer power. In a three-phase system, three circuit conductors carry three alternating currents (of the same frequency) which reach their instantaneous peak values at different times

When a short circuit occurs, a heavy current flows through the contacts of the circuit breaker and they are opened by the protective system. At the instant when the contacts begin to separate, the CONTACT AREA decreases rapidly and large FAULT current causes increased current density and hence rise in temperature. The heat produced in the medium between the contacts is sufficient to ionise the medium. The ionised air or VAPOUR ACTS as a conductor and an arc is struck between the contacts.

When a short circuit occurs, a heavy current flows through the contacts of the circuit breaker and they are opened by the protective system. At the instant when the contacts begin to separate, the contact area decreases rapidly and large fault current causes increased current density and hence rise in temperature. The heat produced in the medium between the contacts is sufficient to ionise the medium. The ionised air or vapour acts as a conductor and an arc is struck between the contacts.

A Bus bar is a strip of copper or aluminium that CONDUCTS electricity within a SWITCHBOARD, distribution board, substation or other electrical apparatus. They form a LINK between the INCOMING and outgoing circuits. The size of the bus bar determines the maximum amount of current that can be SAFELY carried

A Bus bar is a strip of copper or aluminium that conducts electricity within a switchboard, distribution board, substation or other electrical apparatus. They form a link between the incoming and outgoing circuits. The size of the bus bar determines the maximum amount of current that can be safely carried

RELAY: An electromagnetic relay works on TWO principles

1. Electromagnetic attraction
2. Electromagnetic induction

The FORCE of attraction produced has two components-one is constant and the other is fluctuating at a frequency, twice the natural frequency. This force in terms of current is represented as-

F= K1 – K2 * I2

K1=K2 * I2

Since K1 and K2 both are constants, so the current I will be constant. This is the condition when the relay is at the verge of operation and F=0.

CIRCUIT BREAKER: Once a fault is detected, contacts within the circuit breaker must open to interrupt the circuit; some mechanically-stored energy (using SPRINGS or compressed air) contained within the breaker is used to separate the contacts, although some of the energy required may be obtained from the fault current itself. When a current is interrupted, an arc is generated. This arc must be contained, cooled, and extinguished in a controlled way, so that the GAP between the contacts can again withstand the voltage in the circuit. Different circuit breakers use vacuum, air, insulating gas, or oil as the medium in which the arc FORMS

RELAY: An electromagnetic relay works on two principles

The force of attraction produced has two components-one is constant and the other is fluctuating at a frequency, twice the natural frequency. This force in terms of current is represented as-

F= K1 – K2 * I2

K1=K2 * I2

Since K1 and K2 both are constants, so the current I will be constant. This is the condition when the relay is at the verge of operation and F=0.

CIRCUIT BREAKER: Once a fault is detected, contacts within the circuit breaker must open to interrupt the circuit; some mechanically-stored energy (using springs or compressed air) contained within the breaker is used to separate the contacts, although some of the energy required may be obtained from the fault current itself. When a current is interrupted, an arc is generated. This arc must be contained, cooled, and extinguished in a controlled way, so that the gap between the contacts can again withstand the voltage in the circuit. Different circuit breakers use vacuum, air, insulating gas, or oil as the medium in which the arc forms

A LIGHTNING Arrestor is a DEVICE used in ELECTRICAL power systems to protect the insulation on the system from the DAMAGING effect of lightning

A Lightning Arrestor is a device used in electrical power systems to protect the insulation on the system from the damaging effect of lightning

Power line COMMUNICATION or power line carrier (PLC), ALSO known as power line digital SUBSCRIBER line (PDSL), mains communication, power line telecom (PLT), power line networking (PLN), or broadband over power lines (BPL) are systems for carrying data on a conductor and are also used for electric power transmission. A wide range of power line communication technologies are needed for different applications, ranging from HOME AUTOMATION to Internet access

Power line communication or power line carrier (PLC), also known as power line digital subscriber line (PDSL), mains communication, power line telecom (PLT), power line networking (PLN), or broadband over power lines (BPL) are systems for carrying data on a conductor and are also used for electric power transmission. A wide range of power line communication technologies are needed for different applications, ranging from home automation to Internet access

A relay is a switch; it is not USUALLY meant to open under fault conditions (high current).

A fuse is a fault PROTECTION device. If a short CIRCUIT develops, large currents will FLOW, and the fuse link will melt, causing the circuit to open.

A relay is a switch; it is not usually meant to open under fault conditions (high current).

A fuse is a fault protection device. If a short circuit develops, large currents will flow, and the fuse link will melt, causing the circuit to open.

The elements of a sub- STATION are:

• Primary power lines
• Ground wire
• Overhead lines
• Transformer for MEASUREMENT of electric voltage
• Disconnect switch
• Circuit breaker
• Current transformer
• LIGHTNING ARRESTER
• Main transformer
• Control building
• Security fence
• SECONDARY power lines

The elements of a sub- station are:

Electric-POWER transmission system is the system used for bulk transfer ofelectrical energy, from generating power plants to ELECTRICAL substations located NEAR demand centers. The different systems of transmission are:

• DC system
• Single phase AC system
• Two phase AC system
• Three phase AC system

The part of power system which distributes electric power for LOCAL use is known as Distribution System. The different distribution systems are:

• AC Distribution system

1. Primary distribution system
2. SECONDARY distribution system

• DC Distribution system

1. 2 wire DC system
2. 3 wire DC system

Electric-power transmission system is the system used for bulk transfer ofelectrical energy, from generating power plants to electrical substations located near demand centers. The different systems of transmission are:

The part of power system which distributes electric power for local use is known as Distribution System. The different distribution systems are:

• AC Distribution system

• DC Distribution system

• PRIMARY Transmission: 66 kV, 132 KV, 220 kV and 400 kV
• Secondary Transmission: 33 kV
• Primary Distribution: 11 kV, 3-phase, 3-wire
• Secondary Distribution: 400 V between two PHASES (3-phase, 4-wire) and 230 V between any ONE phase and neutral

Voltage is STEPPED up before transmission DUE to the following REASONS:

• Reduces volume of CONDUCTOR material
• Increases transmission efficiency
• Decreases percentage line DROP

Voltage is stepped up before transmission due to the following reasons:

The tendency of ALTERNATING CURRENT to concentrate NEAR the surface of a conductor is known as Skin EFFECT

The tendency of alternating current to concentrate near the surface of a conductor is known as Skin Effect

The PHENOMENON of VIOLET GLOW, HISSING noise and production of ozone gas in an overhead transmission line is known as Corona.

The phenomenon of violet glow, hissing noise and production of ozone gas in an overhead transmission line is known as Corona.

AC is used for transmission because transformers can STEP it up to high voltage for long distance, and down to low voltage for local distribution and use. The output of power stations comes from a rotary turbine, which by its NATURE is AC and therefore requires no power electronics to CONVERT to DC Also, it is much easier to change the voltage of AC electricity for transmission and distribution and the cost of plant associated with AC transmission (CIRCUIT breakers, transformers etc) is much lower than the equivalent of DC transmission. AC transmission provides a number of technical advantages. When a fault in the network occurs, large fault current flows. In an AC system, this becomes much easier to interrupt, as the sine wave current will naturally tend to ZERO at some point making the current easier to interrupt.

AC is used for transmission because transformers can step it up to high voltage for long distance, and down to low voltage for local distribution and use. The output of power stations comes from a rotary turbine, which by its nature is AC and therefore requires no power electronics to convert to DC Also, it is much easier to change the voltage of AC electricity for transmission and distribution and the cost of plant associated with AC transmission (circuit breakers, transformers etc) is much lower than the equivalent of DC transmission. AC transmission provides a number of technical advantages. When a fault in the network occurs, large fault current flows. In an AC system, this becomes much easier to interrupt, as the sine wave current will naturally tend to zero at some point making the current easier to interrupt.