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Correct option is (D) Disguised unemployment

• In India the number of labourers i.e. the supply exceeds the demand. Even if some labourers are removed from agriculture the overall agricultural productivity will not be affected. Hence, rural areas experience disguised unemployment.
• Even if few labourers are removed from agriculture there is no change in production. This means that the marginal productivity of these labourers is zero.
• Hence, marginal productivity of people suffering from disguised unemployment is zero.

Correct option is (B) 15 – 64 years

Children, elderly people, weak people and people who do not want to work, are not considered part of active work force.

Active workforce is the fraction of a population that is either employed or actively seeking employment. Active workforce in India is from age group of 15 – 64 years.

Correct option is (A) 500

Disguised unemployment.

Correct option is (D) 40000

To understand the nature and types of unemployment, Shri Raj Krishna committee in 2011-12 gave four measures. These measures explain the ways a person can be called unemployed.

The measures are:

1. Time:

• If a person has willingness and capacity to work but does not get work of more than 28 hours a week, he is considered to be ‘intensively unemployed’.
• A person who is employed for more than 28 hours but less than 48 hours a week then he is considered ‘less intensively unemployed’.

2. Income:

When a person earns only that much money which cannot alleviate his poverty than from income point of view he is poor. This type of poverty is seen widely in rural India.

For example, a person needs to earn Rs. 30,000/- per month to cover his monthly expenses but earns only Rs. 15,000/-.

Willingness:

When a person is capable of getting a good job but does not get a job as per his capability and so he accepts job of a lower level compared to his capability which then earns him very less income then he is underemployed. For example, a person with C.A. degree works as a clerk.

Productivity:

If a worker who has a higher productivity gets less work then he will be able to produce less in spite of the fact that he is more productive.

For example, a person can make 20 meter clothes in a day but gets a job where he can make only 10 meter clothes.

By considering the above measures, unemployment can be of following types:

1. Open unemployment
2. Under-employment
3. Disguised unemployment

Correct option is (D) Population

1. General Status Unemployment 

2. Daily Status Unemployment 

3. Weekly Status Unemployment.

Census report of India, National Sample Survey Organization’s report related to the state of employment and unemployment data registered in the employment office of directorate of employment and training and family employment, unemployment related survey done by labour bureau on a regular basis.

Structural unemployment.

Correct option is (A) Raj Krishna

Three suggestions to resolve the problem of unemployment are : 

1. Increase in investment and structural change in investment. 

2. Expansion of handicrafts, craftsmanship, and other small industries in rural areas and increase in their efficiency should be facilitated. 

3. There is a need for suitable coordination between the labour force available in the country and the required labour force in production.

Structural unemployment.

Answer is: (a) 52.2%

Usual status unemployment is the number of persons who were not in any kind of employment for a period of 1 year before the survey.

According to Keynes, due to lack of absolute demand, the production is less than capacity.

Answer is: (c) 0.7

According to CDS, in 2011 -12, the percentage of unemployment in India was 2.2 per cent, and according to daily status unemployment, the percentage of unemployment in India was 5.6%.

4.4 per cent.

(b) 440.2 million

(b) Disguised unemployment

(b) 5.6 per cent

(b) Self employment

1. In rural and urban areas, the people with secondary education level are less employed than people with higher than secondary education level.

2. In rural and urban areas, the unemployment rate of educated women is higher than that of educated men. This difference is more in educational levels above secondary.

Primary sector.

26.8 per cent.

In the 10th five year plan.

24.3 per cent.

Industrial units, Hotel, Motel, Companies etc. are considered as the sectors of main employment activities in the urban areas of India.

The education system should be developed in accordance with the local employment needs. The employers and labour force should make such collective efforts for such education and training, so that unemployment should not be faced inspite of higher education and the valuable labour force of the country does not lie useless.

18.2 per cent.

The share of primary sector reduced from 58.5 per cent in 2004-05 to 48.9 per cent in 2011-12. Whereas share of secondary and tertiary sector increased from 18.2 per cent and 23.4 per cent in 2004-05 to 24.3 per cent and 26.4 per cent respectively in 2011-12.

Correct option is (D) To provide constant 24 x 7 electricity service in rural areas

In 1979 TRYSEM started.

CDS measures human days.

23.3 lakh people.

NSSO collects the data of unemployment and employment in India.

There are four sources of data for unemployment in India. Census report of India, National Sample Survey Organization’s report related to the state of employment and unemployment data registered in the employment office of directorate of employment and training and family employment. Unemployment related survey is done by labour bureau On a regular basis. There is a difference in the data of these sources because their objectives and working systems are different. Industrial and educated unemployment exists mainly in urban areas, while in rural areas, there is under employment and open unemployment.

According to NSSO, CDS, in the year 1999-2000, 336.9 million persons and human days were in the condition of employment, which increased to 382.8 million in the year 2004-05, and 415.7 million in the year 2011 -12.

The long term usual unemployment in India has remained around 2 per cent. Whereas, CDS unemployment was 7.3 per cent in 1999-2000 and 5.6 per cent in 2011-12. This grew from 7.3 per cent in 1999-2000 to 8.2 per cent in 2004-05 and it again reduced to 5.6 per cent in 2011-12. Between 2004-05 and 2011-12, despite less growth in employment, a decrease in unemployment was observed.

While looking at the regional distribution of unemployment in India, it is seen that in the year 2011-12, according to the general situation, unemployment was only 9.1 % in Kerala, while it was 4.4 per cent in West Bengal. The share of self employment in total employment is 52.2%.

(d) All of these

With Jawahar Gram Samriddhi Scheme.

1. Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme. 

2. Employment Assurance Scheme.

It was thought at the beginning of planning that development will result in creation of employment in sufficient measure which would provide employment to existing and increasing labour force. However, it was perceived in the 5th plan that dependence only on development rate for employment growth is not sufficient. For employment growth, it is necessary to provide employment in government and private sector and additionally adopt separate programmes.

In the 6th five year plan, reducing under employment and solving the problem of unemployment had been accepted as an objective. Opportunities of self employment were sought to be increased in agriculture, small scale and cottage industries and allied activities. In the seventh five year plan, priority was given to create productive employment through strategy of developmental planning.

The target for growth in the 8th five year plan was kept at 2.6 to 2.8 per cent, so that unemployment could be completely eliminated in the next 10 years. Emphasis was laid on development of agriculture, development of use less land, expansion of non agricultural activities in rural areas, rapid development of unorganized and service sector and development of small scale industries. Targets were set to lay emphasis on labour intensive sectors and those regions in the ninth five year plan where unemployment was more acute.

In the 10th five year plan, sectors creating greater employment opportunities (agriculture, small and medium enterprises, education and health, construction, tourism, Information technology etc.) were sought to be developed. In the 11th plan, various labour intensive sectors (construction, tourism, handloom, handicrafts, jewels) were earmarked for increased employment generation.

Development of cottage and small scale industries:

Cottage and small scale sector have capacity to create employment that too with minimal skills and low investment.

Solution:

• Enough encouragement and support should be given to develop cottage and small scale industries.
• At a given amount of capital, a small scale industry can create 7.5 times more employment than a big industry.
• India is a capital scarce and labour intense country. So, development of cottage and small scale industries should be accepted as a best alternative and special initiative should be taken for its development.
• Hence, while framing the industrial policies, these industries are given good importance and various measures are taken for their development.
• Steps like reserving production of certain goods for small scale industries, providing monetary, technical and managerial assistance by the state are few of the steps taken to develop and encourage these industries.

Correct option is (B) 2nd-February

Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA):

• On February 2006, National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) was started with the objective of providing employment to rural people residing in backward districts of country.
• On 2nd October, 2009, the scheme was renamed as Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA).
• To make this programme successful, government declared 2nd February as “Employment Day”.
• The objective of this program was to create assets through public construction activities and to provide employment to one person per family for minimum 100 days a year to rural and urban poor as well as lower middle class families.
• Under this scheme, out of total people to be employed, 1/3rd employment is reserved for females.
• As per this act the person who demands job would be provided job within 15 days within the range of 5 km. If few labourers are given employment beyond this distance then 10% extra wages are given to them as form of conveyance expenses.
• The labourer is provided at least minimum wages for physical labour he/she does.
• Labourers working under this scheme are provided job cards, which is valid for five years. After receiving job card if the labourers do not get employment then they are paid unemployment allowance.

Correct option is (C) To provide employment to rural people residing in backward areas