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Correct Answer is : (d) prop

(a) Pandanus

(c) Rhizophora

In Gloriosa, leaf tip is modified into tendril.

(c) Clinging

(c) a – iii, b – iv, c – i, d – ii.

Correct Answer is : (d) Plumule

Roots of some climbing or epiphytic plants develop chlorophyll and turn green which help in photosynthesis. These roots are called as photosynthetic roots. e.g.,Tinospora.

Radicle gives rise to root. Plumule gives rise to shoot.

Node & Internode: 

Node: The point from which the leaf arises is called node.

Internode: The region between two adjacent nodes is called intemode.

Stem is positively phototropic & negatively geotropic.

Based on tropism. roots are positively geotropic and negatively phototropic.

Buds based on their origin & functio: 

1. Based on origin, buds are classified into (a) Terminal or Apical bud and (b) Lateral or Axillary or Axil bud. 

2. Based on function, buds are classified into (a) Vegetative bud and (b) Floral or Reproductive bud.

(b) adventitious

(c) Allium proliferum

Buds arising at any part other than stem are known as adventitious bud. e.g., Begonia.

Adventitious roots may rise from base of stem, nodes or internodes

The plumule of the embryo of a germinating seed grows into stem. The epicotyl elongates after embryo growth into the axis (the stem) that bears leaves from its tip, which contain the actively dividing cells of the shoot called apical meristem. Further cell divisions and growth result in the formation of mass of tissue called a leaf primordium.

Bulbils (or specialized buds): Bulbils are modified and enlarged bud, meant for propagation. When bulbils detach from parent plant and fall on the ground, they germinate into new plants and serve as a means of vegetative propagation, e.g., Agave.

Begonia plants produce foliar buds.

(c) excurrent

Cauline buds arise from stem.

The part of a plant that arises from radicle is root.

The three types of Adventitious buds: 

1. Radical buds 

2. Foliar buds 

3. Cauline buds

Radical buds develop from root.

(b) Descending portion

Types of Trailers:

1. Prostrate (Procumbent): A stem that grows flat on the ground, e.g. Evolvulus alsinoides, Indigofera prostrata. 

2. Decumbent: A stem that grows flat but becomes erect during reproductive stage. e.g., Portulaca, Tridax, Lindenbergia. 

3. Diffuse: A trailing stem with spreading branches, e.g. Boerhaavia diffusa, Merremia tridentata.

(c) geophytes

Differentiate between vegetative morphology & reproductive morphology: 

1. Vegetative morphology: Vegetative morphology deals with the shoot system and root system. 

2. Reproductive morphology: Reproductive morphology deals with flowers, inflorescence, fruits & seals.

Velamen is a spongy tissue developed by epiphytic roots of Vanda. It helps in absorption of moisture from atmosphere.

(d) Allamanda – (iv) Ternate phyllotaxy

(b) dextrose

(b) In Pisum sativum leaflets modified into tendrils

Correct Answer is : (c) Storage

(b) inflorescence axis

(a) phyllome

Pseudobulb is a short erect aerial storage or propagating stem of certain epiphytic and terrestrial sympodial orchids, e.g. Bulbophyllum.

Morphological features are important in determining productivity of crops. Morphological characters indicate the specific habitats of living as well as the fossil plants and help to correlate the distribution in space and time of fossil plants. Morphological features are also significant for phylogeny.

Polycarpic perennial:

1. When they bear fruits every year, they are called polycarpic. 

2. e.g. mango, sapota, etc.

Monocarpic perennial: 

1. Some plants produce flowers and fruits only once and die after a vegetative growth of several years. These plants are called monocarpic. 

2. e.g. Bamboo, Agave, Musa, Talipot palm.

Lianas are woody stem climbers.

(d) Phylloclade

Spinach, carrot and lettuce are the examples of biennia.

Liana is a vine that is perennial and woody. Lianas are major components in the tree canopy layer of some tropical forests. e.g. Ventilago.

(d) epipodium

(a) taxonomy

(b) mesophytes

The general form of a plant is referred to as habit.

Functions: 

1. Storage 

2. Protection 

3. Support 

4. Reproduction

Examples: 

1. Aloe 

2. Opuntia 

3. Nepenthes 

4. Bryophyllum

Sometimes, small stipule like outgrowths are found at the base of leaflets of a compound leaf. They are called stipels.

Arecaceae, Musaceae, Zingiberaceae and Poaceae.