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The concept of White Revolution is associated with Milk.

High yielding variety seeds

more than one crop

450 families live in Village Palampur.

To grow more than one crop on a piece of land during the year is known as multiple cropping. For example, sugarcane is sown along with wheat in winter season as sugarcane is harvested once every year. Modern farming methods are the use of improved methods and techniques to be used in agriculture to increase yield per hectare. Use of HYV seeds, insecticides, pesticides, electric tube-well etc. is modern farming methods.

1. Biggest disadvantage associated with HYV seeds is bigger requirement of water and also chemical fertilisers and pesticides to produce best results.

2. Higher yields are possible only from combination of HYV seeds, irrigation, chemical fertilisers, pesticides etc.

3. Chemical fertilizers and pesticides degrade our environment killing necessary bacteria’s in soil. Poor farmers could not afford HYV seeds due to increased requirement of fertilisers and machinery.

4. New machinery replaced manual labour leading to unemployment and rural-urban migration.

Palampur is a well-developed village. This can be made clear from the following arguments :

(i) Multiple cropping: Farmers of Palampur have adapted multiple cropping. They plant three crops on a year and never leave their land idle.

(ii) Modern facilities of agriculture: They have a well-developed system of irrigation.

Electricity came early in Palampur. They use modern machinery like tractors, harvesters etc for farming. Use of HYV seeds and chemical fertilisers is also noticed in Palampur.

(iii) Markets and Education: There are small markets set up in Palampur which have all the daily need commodities available. Kareem is also running computer classes and a good number of students are learning there. High schools and education for women is available here.

(iv) Transportation: People of Palampur have facilities of transporting goods to other towns and village with a good transportation system and well-developed roads.

1. Electricity reaching in Palampur transformed irrigation system as electric-run tubewells could be used to irrigate much larger areas of land more effectively.

2. Electric tubewell would draw water from well electrically and no manual handling required.

3. Electricity has also facilitated the harvesting of crops with electric harvesters.

Yes, modern farming methods like use of HYV seeds, chemical fertilizers, electric tubewell for irrigation require higher investment in farming because they carry higher cost than traditional one. HVY seeds need more water and also chemical fertilisers and pesticides to produce best results. Higher use of chemicals, cause environmental degradation also.

Both fixed capital and working capital are the parts of physical capital required for production.

(i) Fixed Capital :

(a) It includes fixed factors of production which are used for years.

(b) Tools and machines range from very simple tools such as a farmer's plough to sophisticated machines such as generators, turbines etc.

(c) It includes tools, machines, buildings etc.

(d) They remain constant for many years of production and increased or decreased only when needed.

(ii) Working Capital :

(a) It includes variable factors of production which are needed to be arranged every time at the time of production.

(b) Whatever money and raw material required for production are included in it.

(c) It is required to be arranged according to the desired production.

(d) They are dynamic depending upon the profits and income of last season.

Farmers can get loans through the following ways:

(i) Large farmers or village moneylenders: Most of the small farmers prefer taking loans from large farmers or village moneylenders.

Advantages of taking loans from such sources are:

(a) They are flexible in terms and conditions of repayment and rate of interest.

(b) They know the lenders personally so get loans without collateral security.

Disadvantages:

(a) Rate of interest is very high.

(b) Small farmers are exploited and are trapped in vicious circle of poverty.

(ii) Banks and cooperative societies: Although, very few numbers of small farmers approach banks for loan but they provide them better services.

Advantages of loans from banks and cooperatives:

(a) No exploitation of farmers. 

(b) Uniform and nominal rate of interest for all.

Disadvantages:

(a) Needs proper security and have set terms and conditions.

Land is the levelled surface and other natural resources such as water, forests, minerals, etc. used for production of goods and services. Excessive use of chemical fertilisers or modern techniques of farming destroys land and all other natural resources. Land can be sustained through the following ways :

(i) Limited use of chemical fertilisers: Chemical fertilisers should be used in a limited number and only as the per the requirement. Excessive use of chemical fertilisers destroys the fertility of land.

(ii) Crop Rotation: Crops should be planted in such a way that land gets time of restore its fertility. Different nutrients are required with different lands; therefore planning of multiple cropping should be done in such a way that the land is also able to restore the lost nutrients.

(iii) Waste of chemical fertilisers: Waste of chemical fertilisers or pesticides should not be thrown in the water bodies of village as this will pollute the water.

(iv) Adequate use of ground water: Ground water should be adequately used so that there is minimum wastage of groundwater.

1. Green Revolution is a revolution which started in the late 1960s with an aim of achieving self-sufficiency in the production of grains like wheat and rice.

2. The initial impact of Green Revolution was limited to wheat and only to a few regions because initially only the farmers of Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh by out the modern farming method in India.

3. They used tubewells for irrigation and made use of HYV seeds, chemical fertilisers and pesticides in farming.

4. Capital required for using HYV seeds was very high. Therefore small farmers and many backward regions could not use the modern techniques.

5. Use of HYV seeds require all other modern techniques of cultivation also therefore for initial time it remained unapproachable in many backward villages and small farmers which work without electricity or own poor farm distribution.

Milk production

Problems faced by farm labourers are:

(a) Inadequate wages-Government has fixed the minimum wages as Rs 60 day but they don’t usually get this amount of money.

(b) Availability of labour-Too much availability of labour forces the labourers to work on lower wages.

(c) Duration of employment-Labourers are sometimes employed on the daily wages and sometimes for the whole year. They do not have surety of job.

The factors responsible for poor economic conditions of farm labourers like Dala and Ramkaliare :

(i) Use of modern farming techniques: Use of modern farming techniques make it difficult for farm labourers to get work. Tractors are used for ploughing, harvesters for harvesting, threshers for threshing and weedicide for removing weeds. This leaves very less or no work for farm labourers.

(ii) Poorly Paid: Due to heavy competition for work among the farm labourers, people agree to work for lower wages. The minimum wages for a farm labourer set by government is Rs. 60 per day but they are generally paid only half of it. This forces them to take loan from local money lenders which put them in the vicious circle of poverty.

example of Rabi crop Wheat.