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Mikhail Gorbachev in the USSR tried to transform the politics of USSR by making it more open and bringing about radical changes. He was a liberal who introduced certain reforms for the revival of their economy and promoted healthy relations with the West. The reforms introduced by the open regime are often described as ‘Glasnost’ and ‘Perestroika’.

A war instigated by a major power that does not itself participate.

The specialised agencies of U.N.O. are

1. UNICEF, 

2. UNESCO, 

3. FAO, 

4. ILO, 

5. IBRD, 

6. IMF, 

7. WHO, 

8. UPU

Pakistan Occupied Kashmir.

The UN works through six different organs. Each of these organs has specific functions like maintaining peace and security, improving education and health facilities, alleviating poverty, providing justice in the context of international crimes and so on. Some bodies responsible for these functions include International Court of Justice located in Hague; the World Health Organisation located at Geneva, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation functioning from Paris, and United Nations Children’s Emergency Fund functioning from New York.

U Thant was the then Secretary-General of UNO.

a) France and Iceland.

b) Poland and Czekoslovakia.

a) Warsaw pact.

b) South-East Asian Treaty Organization (SEATO) 

and the Central Treaty Organization (CENTO).

i)  India and China.

ii) 1. Respect for each other’s sovereignty and territorial integrity. 

2. Non-interference in the internal affairs of other countries.

3. Non-aggression and settlement of disputes with mutual understanding. 

4. Endeavour to achieve co-operation and mutual respect in international relationships. 

5. Promoting peaceful co-existence.

1. Maintains peace and security. 

2. Improvement of educational and health facilities. 

3. Protecting human rights. 

4. Respecting international law

The USSR escaped from the Great Depression: 

1. USSR was not integrated with international markets. 

2. It had a planed economy.

3. Maintained a balance between demand and supply.

1. The above famous speech was delivered by Lal Bahadur Sastry after the Indo-Pak war. 

2. He assured the world and the Muslims that it is a secular country. 

3. So many religions are there in India. 

4. We respect all worshipping places on equal grounds. 

5. In India these religions have no role to play in politics as ours is a secular state. 

6. People can choose any religion but all of us are Indians. 

7. This speech was delivered when Pakistan gave religious symbolism in the war.

In 1954 a treaty was held between India and China which incorporated the principles of noninterference in other’s internal affairs and respect for each other’s territorial unity, integrity and sovereignty. These principles are known as Panchsheel.

Jerusalem is a holy city for Jews, Christians, Muslims alike. The Jews consider Palestine as their Promised Land. The conflict came to ahead in Germany under the Nazis when millions of Jews of Europe were jailed and killed. Zionist movement spread across the world and tried to reclaim Palestine as their homeland. This demand was supported by the Western powers. Both the USA and the USSR wanted to bring this region of massive oil reserves under their control. UN divided into two parts Arab and the Jewish states. The Arabs refused to recognize Israel as a legitimate state. Egypt came in support of Palestine but in 1956 Israel attacked Egypt with the support of Western Powers. Israel withdrew the army. The Palestine Liberation Organization encouraged the Arabs to attack. Israel. Yasser Arafat carried out terrorist attacks. Later he gave up terrorist attacks and agreed to find a peaceful solution. He died in 2004 and the Palestinians are still fighting for their homeland.

According to the given paragraph the marginalised communities are being neglected and mostly they are exploited. Big companies invest money for their benefits and so the tribal people are far away from agriculture forcefully.

Mining corporations take permission from the mineral development Department or the government and they start mining. Sometimes government plan to construct dams so as to get the water irrigated to feed lakhs of hectares of cultivable land and in some cases uncultivable land also will be converted to cultivable. The people in foot hills of the hills mountains or forests will be asked to migrate to other places. Sometimes it is a must. Then they oppose the construction of dams and other developmental activities.

Government has to give sufficient compensation to the land losers. Moreover it is better to provide land in place of land, but it should be of same quality cultivable. When farmers, tribals are asked to vacate where do they go. Without proper planning it impossible to move. In some localities like Yellampally and Mid Manair areas the land losers got sufficient compensation and so they settled in new colonies. In Kudamkulam in Tamilnadu, Narmada dam construction the land losers are not satisfied.

United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund.

Present circumstances that are threatening world peace: 

• Terrorism 
• Wars
• Armament race 
• Invasions 
• Communalism 
• Exploitation of resources 
• Interference of developed countries in the affairs of developing countries 
• Aggressive nationalism

Some times Veto power is working as a barrier and also helpful to world peace. 

How it is a barrier:

1.  Often the great powers themselves involved in many of the conflicts used their Veto power to block any action by the U.N.O. 
2.  Sometimes they have also used their power to force the UN to bend to their dictates.

1. India was a founder of the NAM which sought to keep an independent position between the two superpowers. 

2. India tried to base its foreign policy on the Gandhian principles of peace and nonviolence. 

3. India is emerging as a major world economic and political power. So, it should get support from the neighbours and in turn help them. 

4. It should take measures to maintain peace and tranquillity at the borders, which is possible only with cordial relations with neighbours. 

5. It has shared culture and civilisation with neighbouring countries, thus built bridges of friendship through trade, sports, films, tourism and cultural exchanges. 

6. It shall have a greater understanding and cooperation among the people of neighbouring nations. 

7. It shall have friendly relations with neighbouring countries and blossom secularism, democracy and freedom here. 

8. It shall have cooperation with neighbours on disaster management.

NAM: 

1.  Not joining in any powerful block either the USA block or the USSR block. 
2.  Maintaining equal distance and behave independently. 

Objectives: 

1.  Maintain the world peace.
2.  Maintain cooperation among the member nations. 
3.  To prevent any of the newly decolonised independent countries from joining any of the military blocks. 
4.  Estimate the growing cold war tensions and its impact on the world at large.

1. The Second World War had been fought on the principles of peace, democracy and freedom of nations in contrast to the Nazi ideas of dictatorship and imperialism. 

2. After the war colonial powers like Britain and France could no longer justify their old colonial powers exclusive access to the colonies. 

3. In fact, Second World War helped the USA grow out of its economic misery caused by the great depression. 

4. Far from War theatres, the industries and agriculture of the USA prospered. 

5. The USSR coming out of its destruction was emerging as a Champion of anticolonial struggle. 

6. In the post-war period the USA and the USSR have emerged as super powers. 

7. The USA is the leader of the capitalist nations and the USSR is the leader of the communist nations.

(OR)

After the Second World War, the major shift in power is observed between two power blocs of USA and USSR.

1. The USA led an Anti – communist bloc based on capitalistic principles. It tried to prevent other countries from adopting communism. 

2. The USSR led a communist bloc. It tried to bring other countries into its communist influence. 

3. Both USA and USSR tried to expand their ideologies and check each other, resulted in the situation of cold war. 

4. Newly independent countries formed an alliance called NAM that stood independently in international aspects away from both military blocs.

1. Given the idea of democracy, also, I think a few countries should have special powers in making decisions.

2. The very existence of forums like UN has forced great powers to exercise moderation and self-control. 

3. The special powers also have given the great powers a special role and responsibility in preserving world peace. 

4. At times, these powers may be used to block any action against them. 

5. Sometimes these powers save many countries and territories of theirs. As all four permanent members intended to annex Kashmir to Pakistan. Russia used veto power to stop it and did the favour to India.

(OR) 

Given the idea of democracy, I think a few countries should have special powers in making the decisions is not correct. This is opposite to concept of democracy.

1. The UN started with a twin objectives of ensuring peace ever lasting and human development. 

2. Charter emphasised on the need to preserve peace and prevent wars. 

3. It recognised the autonomy of states and promised not to interfere in any internal affairs of country. 

4. In cases of serious human rights violation or threat to world peace, the UN interferes.

5. Decisions relating to war and peace are taken in Security Council. 

6. UN has forced great powers to exercise moderation and self-control. 

7. The special powers to great powers is a special role and responsibility in preserving world peace. 

8. UN has been less successful in preventing wars.

1. Non Alignment was established as an international organisation with an aim to promote cultural and economic cooperation among the newly independent countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America. 

2. NAM helped the newly independent nations assert their autonomy in international affairs in a world torn between the two super powers. 

3. NAM summit at Algiers in 1973 resolved to constitute 5 different trusts to strengthen the economic development of non aligned countries and assist in their reconstruction activities. 

4. In the Hawana summit conference in 1979 it also appealed to take measures to minimise the economic differences between the developed and under developed countries. 

5. Thus, it also worked for economical development of NAM countries. 

6. During 1970s and early 1980s, the NAM also sponsored campaigns for restructuring commercial relations between developed and developing nations, namely the NIEO. 

7. The Djakarta Summit 1992 allowed the movement to shift its focus in a direction that also enabled it to work a cross to grouping such as the G-7 and the EU.

Cold War: Ideological differences between America and Russia is called Cold War. 

1.  It is an indirect war. There is no real war. 
2.  It created mutual hatred, misbelief and enmity between Communist Russia and Capitalist USA. 
3.  Both the USA and the USSR were in the possession of nuclear weapons. 
4.  They maintained secret alliances and treaties. Ex: NATO, WARSAW.
5.  Always they created a tension of war. 
6.  As the rival powers accumulated destructive weapons the world was constantly threatened by a nuclear holocaust. 
7.  People of all countries lived in constant fear of war.

1. In the current scenario the USA remains a major super-power and China is in the process of becoming the biggest threat to the US supremacy of world affairs. Russia is also slowly climbing back, for its joint policy of respecting anti-US policy in the security council, by the use of the veto along with China.

2. The Nam has in recent years often criticised the USA while backing self-determination of Puerto Rico and Western Sahara. It can play a strong role in devising methods to foster co-operation among these nations. 

3. The Nam can also act as a guide and over seen of the condition of Human Rights in some of the member states who have rather poor human rights records. 

4. NAM is a great way to ensure that issues like Palestine and crises in Somalia and Sudan get a fair and long-lasting solution and that the super-powers don’t unduly interfere in these issues to meet their vested interest. Thus NAM exists and will continue to exist as a strong organisation to reckon with.

Pakistan was separated from India and formed in 1947 as an Independent country. It is still supporting separation movements in Jammu and Kashmir in India. Pakistan is sending extremists to India to create some instability. India accuses that Pakistan is encouraging to send fake notes to India. It is violating the cease-fire conditions and causing for civilians and soldiers’ deaths. Modi visited Pakistan and discussed with the Prime Minister but the problem is not solved. India answered with surgical strikes. It was a great loss for Pakistan. I think both countries should sit together and solve the problems to concentrate on development.

1. UNO has under taken complex operations like peace making, peace keeping, humanitarian assistance and disarmament etc. 

2. UNO intervened the issues of struggles of many countries and prevented them to more towards war – 

Ex: Cyprus issue.

3. It encouraged bilateral discussions among countries to solve issues. 

Ex: Kashmir issue. 

4. Disarmament, CTBT etc. are the achievements of UNO that helped to reduce the piling up of armaments. 

Ex: 

1.  UN helped to defuse Cuban missile crisis (1962), Middle East crisis (1973). 
2.  UN-sponsored peace settlement ended Iran – Iraq war in 1988. 
3.  UN-sponsored negotiations led to withdrawal of soviet troops from Afghanistan.

At the time of its establishment UN had membership of 54 countries and today (2018 ) there are 193 countries.

In order to build peace in the world the U.N.O. plays its prominent role as below. The U.N.O. was established on 24th October, 1945.

1.  It prevented the Cold War. 
2.  It succeeded in getting independence to Indonesia from the Dutch.
3.  It solved the dispute in Palestine between Arabs and Jews by creating a separate state of Israel for Jews. 
4.  It succeeded in averting a war between England and Egypt over Suez Canal issue.
5.  It created pressure on Russia and the U.S.A. to the reducing of nuclear weapons. 
6.  It helped Congo to get freedom. 
7.  U.N. helped to defuse Cuban missile crisis, middle east crisis. 
8.  UN sponsored peace settlement ended Iran – Iraq war. 
9.  UN sponsored negotiations led to the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan. 
10.  It helped Cyprus to avert conflict between Greeks and Turks. 
11.  When Pakistan resorted to aggression over Kashmir it intervened and tried to avert the war between India and Pakistan.
12.  It helped to Angola to get independence from Portugal. 
13.  So far it has been able to prevent a Third World War.

While the UN has been doing commendable work in the area of education, health, cultural exchange and protection of heritage, it has been less successful in preventing wars. It has often been held hostage to the ambitions of the super-powers that sought world control.

1. After the 1962 Indo-Chinese war, it took more than a decade to restore diplomatic normalcy.

2. Being rising powers of Asia, both have strategic as well as economic advantages. 

3. Both are ambitious to be major world economic and political powers. 

4. They also see each other as economic and political competitors. 

5. Both have taken measure to maintain peace and tranquility at the borders. 

6. So they have to forget about their post conflicts over borders and develop meaningful friendship and cooperation.

1. Many small countries feel that their neighbours act like ‘big brothers’. 

2. They meant that larger neighbours are trying to control them. 

3. They feel that neighbours are doing this to pretend that they are doing it for the benefit of small country.

4. They meant that ‘Big brother’ is watching them i.e., Big brother knew what small countries did. 

5. Thus, small countries treat their larger neighbours as ’ Big brothers’. 

(OR) 

This means the larger neighbouring countries will work for the good of the small countries as a family members.

India and Pakistan fought the Kargil war.

It is the Indian Peace Keeping Force in Sri Lanka.

1. Bangladesh, erstwhile East Pakistan is physically distant from parent West Pakistan. 

2. The people led a liberation movement nearly for 8 months and then India supported her cause. 

3. Thus, Bangladesh was formed as new nation.

4. Whereas the situation in Sri Lanka is different. 

5. Indian Tamils, an integral part of Sri Lanka but were meted out injustice based on their language and race. 

6. The interference of India was not appreciated by both Sri Lanka government and the Tamils fighting for their rights. 

7. So, the situation in Sri Lanka is different from that of Bangladesh.

Bangladesh was liberated from Pakistan with the help of Indian troops in 1972.

Correct answer is The General Assembly.

The Belgian colony in Africa, Congo, got independence in 1960. But its radical communist leader, Patrice Lumumba, was killed in 1961,allegedly at the behest of US spy agency called CIA.

Mc Mahon Line is the boundary line between China and India.

Yes, I think that wars are related to poverty, lack of equitable development, and cultural exchange between countries. 

(OR) 

1. I don’t think wars are related to poverty, lack of equitable development, and cultural exchanges between countries. 

2. Most of the wars are fought for ideological differences, colonial advantages, and occupation of other territories as an achievement. 

3. Every country fought or allied with it has its own calculations and agenda.

4. Though with the central groups, Italy fought against Germany in the 1st World War. 

5. Though made a peace treaty with Russia, Hitler invaded it during the Second World War. 

6. Wars may to some extent help for the cultural exchanges between the countries.

Countries emerging from colonial domination like Vietnam, Korea, Angola, and Afghanistan.

1. During the 18th and 19th centuries, some European countries set up colonies in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. 

2. They used those colonies as cheap raw material suppliers and markets for their finished goods. 

3. They waged World War keeping control over their colonies. 

4. After the Second World War, colonial powers like Britain and France could no longer justify their old colonial policies. 

5. Under these conditions, old powers like Britain had no choice but to grant freedom to their old colonies. 

6. This granting of freedom to old colonies is called ‘decolonisation1.

1. NAM helped the newly emerging countries to bargain for space and assistance from the super powers by playing one against the other. 

2. To some extent it also ease tensions amongst the NAM countries. 

3. Both the blocs looked at NAM with suspicion. 

4. The US regarded the NAM as being closer to the USSR on wider international issues. 

5. When Soviet invaded Afghanistan NAM could not stop it. 

6. Thus, the super powers reacted for the principles of Non Alignment Movement.

1. In 1955 at Bandung in Indonesia a conference was held. 

2. It was the first Asia-African conference represented by 29 nations. 

3. The most important leaders of this conference were Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru the then Prime Minister of India, Gamal Abdul Nasser the leader of Egypt and Josip Broz Tito the leader of – Yugoslavia.

4. Pt. Nehru was acknowledged as the chief spokes person. 

5. It paved the way for Non-Aligned Movement (NAM).

In 1971 the USSR invaded Afghanistan to install a friendly government there. The US in turn provided armed support to Afghan rebels who were also religious extremists. A prolonged civil war ensued and as the USSR decided to withdraw from Afghanistan in 1985 that country fell to religious extremists led by the Taliban which now turned against the USA.

There are six organs in U.N.O.:

1.  The General Assembly
2.  The Security Council 
3.  The Trusteeship Council 
4.  The Economic and Social Council
5.  The International Court of Justice 
6.  The Secretariat

The Second World War had been fought on the principles of peace, democracy and freedom of nations in contrast to the Nazi ideas of dictatorship and Imperialism. Thus, the first task was to establish a global organisation that would ensure peace and development in all nations. This led to the formation of the United Nations Organisation.

Palestinians were mostly Arab Muslims.