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In order to understand wimax frame structure interviewee need to understand and explain frame structure of both OFDM and OFDMA physical layers. Basic OFDM wimax frame consists of PREAMBLE PART, header part (FCH) and downlink bursts (1 to 4). Preamble is used for synchronization purpose. FCH is always BPSK1/2 and carry modulation-code rate information of consecutive downlink bursts as well as their lengths in number of symbols. Downlink burst no.1 carry DLMAP, DCD, ULMAP, UCD. DLMAP and ULMAP specify the POSITION of downlink bursts and uplink bursts in the ENTIRE wimax frame. DCD and UCD specify downlink channel descriptor and uplink channel descriptor which in turn map to modulation-code rate for the bursts i.e DIUC and UIUC.

In order to understand wimax frame structure interviewee need to understand and explain frame structure of both OFDM and OFDMA physical layers. Basic OFDM wimax frame consists of preamble part, header part (FCH) and downlink bursts (1 to 4). Preamble is used for synchronization purpose. FCH is always BPSK1/2 and carry modulation-code rate information of consecutive downlink bursts as well as their lengths in number of symbols. Downlink burst no.1 carry DLMAP, DCD, ULMAP, UCD. DLMAP and ULMAP specify the position of downlink bursts and uplink bursts in the entire wimax frame. DCD and UCD specify downlink channel descriptor and uplink channel descriptor which in turn map to modulation-code rate for the bursts i.e DIUC and UIUC.

Data rate is the rate at which data is transmitted over the air and is MEASURED in Mbps.
Raw data rate = Nsc * bm * Cr /Ts;
Where Nsc is the number of data subcarriers(here 192 for OFDM),
bm is CODED bits per sub-carriers
Cr is ratio of input bits to output coded bits
Ts is the symbol duration 
For BPSK 1/2, Maximum data rate will be (192*1*1/2)/(11.8 microsec) = 8.13 Mbps.
For 64QAM 3/4, Maximum data rate will be (192 * 6 * 3/4)/(11.8) =73.2 Mbps.

Data rate is the rate at which data is transmitted over the air and is measured in Mbps.
Raw data rate = Nsc * bm * Cr /Ts;
Where Nsc is the number of data subcarriers(here 192 for OFDM),
bm is coded bits per sub-carriers
Cr is ratio of input bits to output coded bits
Ts is the symbol duration 
For BPSK 1/2, Maximum data rate will be (192*1*1/2)/(11.8 microsec) = 8.13 Mbps.
For 64QAM 3/4, Maximum data rate will be (192 * 6 * 3/4)/(11.8) =73.2 Mbps.

Both TDD and FDD are duplexing TOPOLOGIES used mainly to share the common central resources. In TDD, frequency is shared AMONG SUBSCRIBERS time slot wise. In FDD, one pair of frequency is assigned for one connection one for downlink and one for uplink and hence transmission will happen SIMULTANEOUSLY in both the DIRECTIONS.

Both TDD and FDD are duplexing topologies used mainly to share the common central resources. In TDD, frequency is shared among subscribers time slot wise. In FDD, one pair of frequency is assigned for one connection one for downlink and one for uplink and hence transmission will happen simultaneously in both the directions.

WiMAX and LTE both are used for providing broadband internet access services. VOICE services are also planned to provide over wimax and LTE networks using Voice over IP PROTOCOLS. WiMAX stands for World Wide Interoperability for MICROWAVE Access and LTE stands for Long Term Evolution. WiMAX fall back to non-cellular technologies such as WLAN. LTE fall back to cellular technologies such as GSM, UMTS etc. In wimax both uplink and downlink use symmetric modulation schemes such as OFDM or OFDMA. In LTE downlink uses OFDMA and uplink uses SC-FDMA.

WiMAX and LTE both are used for providing broadband internet access services. Voice services are also planned to provide over wimax and LTE networks using Voice over IP protocols. WiMAX stands for World Wide Interoperability for Microwave Access and LTE stands for Long Term Evolution. WiMAX fall back to non-cellular technologies such as WLAN. LTE fall back to cellular technologies such as GSM, UMTS etc. In wimax both uplink and downlink use symmetric modulation schemes such as OFDM or OFDMA. In LTE downlink uses OFDMA and uplink uses SC-FDMA.

INITIAL raging acquires correct TRANSMISSION PARAMETERS (Power adjustment, timing offset ESTIMATION and synchronization) to communicate with the BS.

Initial raging acquires correct transmission parameters (Power adjustment, timing offset estimation and synchronization) to communicate with the BS.

PERIODIC RAGING is to MAINTAIN uplink communication with the BS and to adjust TRANSMISSION PARAMETERS.

Periodic raging is to maintain uplink communication with the BS and to adjust transmission parameters.

Contention RAGING PROCEDURE is required by the SS to access the SYSTEM for the FIRST time and no DEDICATED connection resources assigned to the SS.

Contention raging procedure is required by the SS to access the system for the first time and no dedicated connection resources assigned to the SS.

Non-contention RAGING is regulated by the BS to ALLOW the SS to finish SYSTEM ACCESS earlier when dedicated channel is PROVIDED and polled initial ranging.

Non-contention raging is regulated by the BS to allow the SS to finish system access earlier when dedicated channel is provided and polled initial ranging.

There are various WIMAX RANGING PROCEDURES as MENTIONED below.
★ Initial Ranging
★ PERIODIC Ranging
★ Contention Ranging
★ Non-Contention Ranging

There are various wimax ranging procedures as mentioned below.
★ Initial Ranging
★ Periodic Ranging
★ Contention Ranging
★ Non-Contention Ranging

The unit of resource allocation in mobile wimax (OFDMA) is slot. The slot definition varies based on zone type. There are different zones supported in the mobile wimax FRAME. The most COMMON used zone types are PUSC, FUSC and AMC. In the UPLINK PUSC and AMC are used.
In DOWNLINK PUSC, slot is 1 sub-channel X 2 symbols 
In Uplink PUSC, slot is 1 sub-channel X 3 symbols
In downlink FUSC, slot is 1 sub-channel X 1 symbol
AMC is 2 symbols X 3 sub-channels.

The unit of resource allocation in mobile wimax (OFDMA) is slot. The slot definition varies based on zone type. There are different zones supported in the mobile wimax frame. The most common used zone types are PUSC, FUSC and AMC. In the uplink PUSC and AMC are used.
In downlink PUSC, slot is 1 sub-channel X 2 symbols 
In Uplink PUSC, slot is 1 sub-channel X 3 symbols
In downlink FUSC, slot is 1 sub-channel X 1 symbol
AMC is 2 symbols X 3 sub-channels.

RNG RSP decoded by SS will analyze following:
★ 'Timing Adjust' field (signed 32 bit) and will drive PHY to advance frame Transmission accordingly.
★ 'Power level Adjust' field (signed 8-bit, 0.25dB) and will drive RF attenuators at RF layer accordingly.
★ 'Offset Frequency Adjust' field (signed 32 bit, HZ UNITS) and will drive RF synthesizer/Ref. OCXO accordingly.
★ Ranging Status (if status is 're RANGE') will indicate whether SS need to do retransmit RNG REQ or (if status is 'Success') start BW REQ transmission for determining slot for SBC REQ.

RNG RSP decoded by SS will analyze following:
★ 'Timing Adjust' field (signed 32 bit) and will drive PHY to advance frame Transmission accordingly.
★ 'Power level Adjust' field (signed 8-bit, 0.25dB) and will drive RF attenuators at RF layer accordingly.
★ 'Offset Frequency Adjust' field (signed 32 bit, Hz units) and will drive RF synthesizer/Ref. OCXO accordingly.
★ Ranging Status (if status is 're range') will indicate whether SS need to do retransmit RNG REQ or (if status is 'Success') start BW REQ transmission for determining slot for SBC REQ.

RNG REQ is transmitted by SS to BS. After PERFORMING Synchronization (Time, Freq, Channel) RNG REQ Frame is decoded to bits at BS. Type field just after GMH will describe message type which is '0x04' for RNG REQ, which TELLS BS what need to be done after RECEIVING the message.

RNG REQ is transmitted by SS to BS. After performing Synchronization (Time, Freq, Channel) RNG REQ Frame is decoded to bits at BS. Type field just after GMH will describe message type which is '0x04' for RNG REQ, which tells BS what need to be done after receiving the message.

QAM involves both AMPLITUDE and phase variation to map the digital data over the subcarriers. QPSK involves only phase variation while amplitude remains constant. 16QAM for example MAPS 4 bits of data on one single carrier and QPSK maps 2 bits of data on one single carrier. Hence 16QAM help increase data rate over QPSK but receiver will BECOME complex in ORDER to retrieve the modulated SYMBOLS if it is passed through the noisy channel environment.

QAM involves both amplitude and phase variation to map the digital data over the subcarriers. QPSK involves only phase variation while amplitude remains constant. 16QAM for example maps 4 bits of data on one single carrier and QPSK maps 2 bits of data on one single carrier. Hence 16QAM help increase data rate over QPSK but receiver will become complex in order to retrieve the modulated symbols if it is passed through the noisy channel environment.

★ SC-FDMA MEANS Single Carrier Frequency DIVISION Multiple Access and OFDM means Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing.
★ SC-FDMA system usually will have low PAPR compare to OFDM system.
★ SC-FDMA system is less sensitive to frequency offset compare to OFDM system.
★ SC-FDMA is widely used in LTE subscriber terminals in the transmit path and its variant OFDMA is used in the eNodeB downlink(or receive path of LTE subscribers).
★ OFDM is used in many broadband technologies such as wimax-16d/16e, WLAN-11a/11n/11ac.
★OFDM is referred as multicarrier modulation.
★ It uses multiple rf carrier signals at DIFFERENT frequencies which sends some of the bits on each of the assigned channels. This seems to be similar to FDM but in the case of OFDM, total subcarriers are divided into subchannels and these subchannels are mapped to one single data/traffic SOURCE.

★ SC-FDMA means Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access and OFDM means Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing.
★ SC-FDMA system usually will have low PAPR compare to OFDM system.
★ SC-FDMA system is less sensitive to frequency offset compare to OFDM system.
★ SC-FDMA is widely used in LTE subscriber terminals in the transmit path and its variant OFDMA is used in the eNodeB downlink(or receive path of LTE subscribers).
★ OFDM is used in many broadband technologies such as wimax-16d/16e, WLAN-11a/11n/11ac.
★OFDM is referred as multicarrier modulation.
★ It uses multiple rf carrier signals at different frequencies which sends some of the bits on each of the assigned channels. This seems to be similar to FDM but in the case of OFDM, total subcarriers are divided into subchannels and these subchannels are mapped to one single data/traffic source.

★ FREQUENCY SELECTIVE FADING will be ABLE to affect few of the subchannels/subcarriers and not entire band.
★ OFDM overcomes effect of ISI occuring mostly in multipath channel environment.

★ Frequency selective fading will be able to affect few of the subchannels/subcarriers and not entire band.
★ OFDM overcomes effect of ISI occuring mostly in multipath channel environment.

FDM is the short FORM of frequency DIVISION multiplexing and TDM is the short form of TIME division multiplexing.

FDM is the short form of frequency division multiplexing and TDM is the short form of time division multiplexing.

★ TDM is employed in PCM TRANSMISSION to obtain T1 at the rate of 1.544Mbps. 
★ FDM is employed in satellite,RADIO,HF and other wireless technologies. 
★ Both TDM and FDM is employed in GSM cellular technology.

★ TDM is employed in PCM transmission to obtain T1 at the rate of 1.544Mbps. 
★ FDM is employed in satellite,Radio,HF and other wireless technologies. 
★ Both TDM and FDM is employed in GSM cellular technology.

BW REQ Header requests refer to the mechanism that SSs use to indicate to the BS that they NEED uplink BW allocation. Because the uplink burst profile can change dynamically, all requests for BW SHALL be made in terms of the number of bytes needed to carry the MAC Header and payload but not the PHY overhead. BW REQ message MAY be transmitted during any uplink allocation, except during any initial ranging interval. BW is ALWAYS requested on a CID basis and BW is allocated on an SS basis.

BW REQ Header requests refer to the mechanism that SSs use to indicate to the BS that they need uplink BW allocation. Because the uplink burst profile can change dynamically, all requests for BW shall be made in terms of the number of bytes needed to carry the MAC Header and payload but not the PHY overhead. BW REQ message may be transmitted during any uplink allocation, except during any initial ranging interval. BW is always requested on a CID basis and BW is allocated on an SS basis.

Microcontroller USUALLY operates at frequencies in MHz range while today's Microprocessor operates in GHz frequency range. This clock is provided using oscillator. Microcontroller and microprocessor both have their own applications. Hence both cannot be USED for each other's functional areas except for few exceptions (very low size code/data application).
In ADDITION to microprocessor (CPU) functionality microcontroller will have timers, counters, RAM, ROM and Input/Output ports. Most of the microprocessors have Op-codes for moving data from the external memory to the CPU; Microcontrollers may have one or two. Microprocessors have one/two types of bit HANDLING instructions while Micro controllers have many. Microprocessor is used for general PURPOSE applications while microcontroller is program specific and designed for particular application in consideration.

Microcontroller usually operates at frequencies in MHz range while today's Microprocessor operates in GHz frequency range. This clock is provided using oscillator. Microcontroller and microprocessor both have their own applications. Hence both cannot be used for each other's functional areas except for few exceptions (very low size code/data application).
In addition to microprocessor (CPU) functionality microcontroller will have timers, counters, RAM, ROM and Input/Output ports. Most of the microprocessors have Op-codes for moving data from the external memory to the CPU; Microcontrollers may have one or two. Microprocessors have one/two types of bit handling instructions while Micro controllers have many. Microprocessor is used for general purpose applications while microcontroller is program specific and designed for particular application in consideration.

These are techniques based on number of antennas USED at the transmitter and the receiver. SISO has been in use since the invention of wireless system. MIMO concept has been recently added to the wireless system. There are different MIMO ALGORITHMS which has been developed for two main reasons to increase coverage and to increase the data rates.
SISO means Single Input Single Output while MIMO means Multiple Input Multiple Output.
In SISO system only one antenna is used at transmitter and one antenna is used at Receiver while in MIMO case multiple antennas are used. Figure depicts 2x2 MIMO case.
MIMO system achieves better Bit Error rate compare to SISO counterpart at the same SNR. This is achieved using technique called STBC (Space Time Block Coding). With STBC coverage can be enhanced.
MIMO system delivers higher data rate due to transmission of multiple data symbols simultaneously using multiple antennas, this technique is called as Spatial Multiplexing (SM). With SM data rate can be enhanced.
MIMO with SM and beamforming can be employed to obtain enhancement to both the coverage and data rate requirement in a wireless system.
SISO is used in radio, satellite, GSM and CDMA systems while MIMO is used in NEXT generation wireless technologies such as mobile WIMAX -16e, WLAN-11n.11ac,11ad, 3GPP LTE ETC.

These are techniques based on number of antennas used at the transmitter and the receiver. SISO has been in use since the invention of wireless system. MIMO concept has been recently added to the wireless system. There are different MIMO algorithms which has been developed for two main reasons to increase coverage and to increase the data rates.
SISO means Single Input Single Output while MIMO means Multiple Input Multiple Output.
In SISO system only one antenna is used at transmitter and one antenna is used at Receiver while in MIMO case multiple antennas are used. Figure depicts 2x2 MIMO case.
MIMO system achieves better Bit Error rate compare to SISO counterpart at the same SNR. This is achieved using technique called STBC (Space Time Block Coding). With STBC coverage can be enhanced.
MIMO system delivers higher data rate due to transmission of multiple data symbols simultaneously using multiple antennas, this technique is called as Spatial Multiplexing (SM). With SM data rate can be enhanced.
MIMO with SM and beamforming can be employed to obtain enhancement to both the coverage and data rate requirement in a wireless system.
SISO is used in radio, satellite, GSM and CDMA systems while MIMO is used in next generation wireless technologies such as mobile wimax -16e, WLAN-11n.11ac,11ad, 3GPP LTE etc.

As we know wimax frame consists of downlink subsubframe and uplink subframe. Downlink Subframe consists of preamble(2 OFDM symbols), header, downlink bursts(1, 2, 3 or 4). After downlink subframe, uplink subframe starts with some gap used for TTG and contention slots. The TRANSMISSIONS from BS to SSs is referred as downlink and transmissions from SSs to BS is referred as uplink subframe. Header mentioned above is known AD FCH (Frame Control Header) or DLFP (Downlink Frame PREFIX). On this page we will see header used in fixed wimax as per OFDM specifications for 256 point FFT.

As we know wimax frame consists of downlink subsubframe and uplink subframe. Downlink Subframe consists of preamble(2 OFDM symbols), header, downlink bursts(1, 2, 3 or 4). After downlink subframe, uplink subframe starts with some gap used for TTG and contention slots. The transmissions from BS to SSs is referred as downlink and transmissions from SSs to BS is referred as uplink subframe. Header mentioned above is known ad FCH (Frame Control Header) or DLFP (Downlink Frame Prefix). On this page we will see header used in fixed wimax as per OFDM specifications for 256 point FFT.

As we know wimax frame consists of downlink subsubframe and uplink subframe. Downlink Subframe consists of preamble(2 OFDM symbols), header, downlink bursts(1, 2, 3 or 4). After downlink subframe, uplink subframe starts with some gap used for TTG and contention slots. The transmissions from BS to SSs is REFERRED as downlink and transmissions from SSs to BS is referred as uplink subframe. Header mentioned above is known AD FCH (Frame Control Header) or DLFP (Downlink Frame Prefix). On this PAGE we will see header used in fixed wimax as per OFDM specifications for 256 point FFT.

As we know wimax frame consists of downlink subsubframe and uplink subframe. Downlink Subframe consists of preamble(2 OFDM symbols), header, downlink bursts(1, 2, 3 or 4). After downlink subframe, uplink subframe starts with some gap used for TTG and contention slots. The transmissions from BS to SSs is referred as downlink and transmissions from SSs to BS is referred as uplink subframe. Header mentioned above is known ad FCH (Frame Control Header) or DLFP (Downlink Frame Prefix). On this page we will see header used in fixed wimax as per OFDM specifications for 256 point FFT.

The modulation-code rate of wimax FCH or DLFP is FIXED to BPSK-1/2. It has total size of about 88 bits as mentioned below.
WiMAX FCH/DLFP: { BS ID(4 bits), FRAME No.(4 bits), CCC(4 bits), Reserved(4 bits), 
Rate ID(4 bits), Preamble(1bit), Length(11 bits), DIUC(4bits), Preamble(1bit), Length(11 bits),
DIUC(4bits), Preamble(1bit), Length(11 bits), DIUC(4bits), Preamble(1bit), Length(11 bits),
HCS(8 bits)

The modulation-code rate of wimax FCH or DLFP is fixed to BPSK-1/2. It has total size of about 88 bits as mentioned below.
WiMAX FCH/DLFP: { BS ID(4 bits), Frame No.(4 bits), CCC(4 bits), Reserved(4 bits), 
Rate ID(4 bits), Preamble(1bit), Length(11 bits), DIUC(4bits), Preamble(1bit), Length(11 bits),
DIUC(4bits), Preamble(1bit), Length(11 bits), DIUC(4bits), Preamble(1bit), Length(11 bits),
HCS(8 bits)

In wimax TLV formats are USED for parameters in both mac management messages as WELL CONFIGURATION file. TLV STANDS for Type, length and value. Size of type field will be always 1 byte. Size of length field is either 1 byte or more than 1 byte.

In wimax TLV formats are used for parameters in both mac management messages as well configuration file. TLV stands for Type, length and value. Size of type field will be always 1 byte. Size of length field is either 1 byte or more than 1 byte.

Following RULES apply for this. SIZE of value field depends on length field specified.
If the actual size of 'value' field is less than or equal to 127 bytes(length<=127) then 
★ Size of 'length' field will be 1 byte 
★ MSB of 'length' field is set to ZERO 
★ The rest of 7 bits of length field indicates actual size of 'value' field in NUMBER of bytes.

Following rules apply for this. Size of value field depends on length field specified.
If the actual size of 'value' field is less than or equal to 127 bytes(length<=127) then 
★ Size of 'length' field will be 1 byte 
★ MSB of 'length' field is set to zero 
★ The rest of 7 bits of length field indicates actual size of 'value' field in number of bytes.

EXAMPLE:
FEC code type for downlink burst
150(0x96), 0x01(MSB:0),0x01(QPSK 1/2) 
★ Here first BYTE is type.
★ As VALUE is less than 127 length field in second byte is ONE byte with msb set to zero and its remaining 7 bytes INDICATES that size of value field is one(1).
★ The value field is mentioned as 0x01 representing as QPSK 1/2 modulation-code rate.
If the size of 'value' field is more than 127 bytes(>127) then 
★ Size of length field shall be one byte more than what is actually used to mention size of 'value' field in bytes. 
★ MSB of first byte of 'length' field is set to one 
★ The remaining 7 bits of first byte of 'length' field indicates additional bytes of 'length' field 
★ The bytes other than first byte of 'length field' is used to mention size of the 'value field'.

EXAMPLE:
FEC code type for downlink burst
150(0x96), 0x01(msb:0),0x01(QPSK 1/2) 
★ Here first byte is type.
★ As value is less than 127 length field in second byte is one byte with msb set to zero and its remaining 7 bytes indicates that size of value field is one(1).
★ The value field is mentioned as 0x01 representing as QPSK 1/2 modulation-code rate.
If the size of 'value' field is more than 127 bytes(>127) then 
★ Size of length field shall be one byte more than what is actually used to mention size of 'value' field in bytes. 
★ MSB of first byte of 'length' field is set to one 
★ The remaining 7 bits of first byte of 'length' field indicates additional bytes of 'length' field 
★ The bytes other than first byte of 'length field' is used to mention size of the 'value field'.

Both WiMAX and LTE are used for providing broadband wireless internet SERVICES.
WiMAX is the completely new standard developed for providing high data rate internet services. WiMAX is designed for only data applications. As it is entirely new TECHNOLOGY without any legacy support,it is very costly and requires service provider to install all the equipments.
LTE follow cellular standards such as HSPA,WCDMA,GSM etc but it is designed mainly for data applications. It is also referred as all IP data NETWORK. Voice over LTE is also possible using legacy fall backs and using VOIP protocols. Due to predecessors existing equipments can be make use of and HENCE it is less costly and requires minimum initial investment.

Both WiMAX and LTE are used for providing broadband wireless internet services.
WiMAX is the completely new standard developed for providing high data rate internet services. WiMAX is designed for only data applications. As it is entirely new technology without any legacy support,it is very costly and requires service provider to install all the equipments.
LTE follow cellular standards such as HSPA,WCDMA,GSM etc but it is designed mainly for data applications. It is also referred as all IP data network. Voice over LTE is also possible using legacy fall backs and using VOIP protocols. Due to predecessors existing equipments can be make use of and hence it is less costly and requires minimum initial investment.

FOLLOWING are the WIMAX QOS CLASSES:
★ UGS
★ rtPS
★ ertPS
★ nrtPS
★ BE

Following are the WiMAX QoS classes:
★ UGS
★ rtPS
★ ertPS
★ nrtPS
★ BE

This WIMAX QOS class provides fixed BANDWIDTH allocation on periodic basis. Once the connectivity is established, no more requests are needed. For APPLICATION of this type. QoS parameters for this type are MST, tolerated jitter and max. latency.

This Wimax QoS class provides fixed bandwidth allocation on periodic basis. Once the connectivity is established, no more requests are needed. For application of this type. QoS parameters for this type are MST, tolerated jitter and max. latency.

It is used for VBR real time traffic for example MPEG video. Unlike UGS where in fixed allocation is made by BS, here BS regularly polls MS to FIND out allocation NEED. Hence bandwidth is allocated on need basis and is adaptive in nature. For this wimax QoS type Min. reserved traffic rate and MST need to be mentioned separately. For UGS and ertPS Min. reserved traffic rate and MST are both same. QoS parameters are same as UGS.

It is used for VBR real time traffic for example MPEG video. Unlike UGS where in fixed allocation is made by BS, here BS regularly polls MS to find out allocation need. Hence bandwidth is allocated on need basis and is adaptive in nature. For this wimax QoS type Min. reserved traffic rate and MST need to be mentioned separately. For UGS and ertPS Min. reserved traffic rate and MST are both same. QoS parameters are same as UGS.

This QoS type is developed to support VOIP along with silence suppression. There will be no traffic transmission during silence time. QoS parameters are same as UGS type. Check table-1 for application of this type. ertPS is similar to UGS in which base station assigns MST on active mode and no BW is allocated during SILENT time period. Here BS need to poll mobile SUBSCRIBER to know whether silent period has been ended or it is CONTINUING.

This QoS type is developed to support VOIP along with silence suppression. There will be no traffic transmission during silence time. QoS parameters are same as UGS type. Check table-1 for application of this type. ertPS is similar to UGS in which base station assigns MST on active mode and no BW is allocated during silent time period. Here BS need to poll mobile subscriber to know whether silent period has been ended or it is continuing.

In this class, BW is granted to mobile subscriber if and only there will be left over bandwidth from other QoS CLASSES. This QoS class guarantess neither delay nor throughput. It ALLOWS minimum RESERVED traffic rate and maximum sustained traffic rate.

In this class, BW is granted to mobile subscriber if and only there will be left over bandwidth from other QoS classes. This QoS class guarantess neither delay nor throughput. It allows minimum reserved traffic rate and maximum sustained traffic rate.

It is a stand alone indoor DEVICE which is installed at a good reception area. It acts as a wi-fi access POINT for other devices such as home PC, VOIP HANDSET etc. WiMax operators generally provide this gateway device or subscriber UNIT which communicates with base station and provides wi-fi access within home or office for device like laptop, Smartphone.

It is a stand alone indoor device which is installed at a good reception area. It acts as a wi-fi access point for other devices such as home pc, VOIP handset etc. WiMax operators generally provide this gateway device or subscriber unit which communicates with base station and provides wi-fi access within home or office for device like laptop, Smartphone.

A service flow in wimax is partially characterized by the following attributes:
★ A 32-bit Service Flow ID (SFID) is assigned to all existing service flows. The SFID serves as the principal identifier for the Service Flow and has an associated direction.
★ A 16-bit Connection ID (CID) is associated with each active SFID (connection active).
★ A set of QoS parameters specifying the REQUIRED resources. The principal RESOURCE is bandwidth, but the SPECIFICATION may also include LATENCY requirements.
★ A set of QoS parameters defining the level of service being provided.

A service flow in wimax is partially characterized by the following attributes:
★ A 32-bit Service Flow ID (SFID) is assigned to all existing service flows. The SFID serves as the principal identifier for the Service Flow and has an associated direction.
★ A 16-bit Connection ID (CID) is associated with each active SFID (connection active).
★ A set of QoS parameters specifying the required resources. The principal resource is bandwidth, but the specification may also include latency requirements.
★ A set of QoS parameters defining the level of service being provided.

WiMax can not provide highest performance over 50 kilometers. As the distance increases, bit error RATE thus reducing performance. Reducing distance to less than 1km ALLOWS a device to OPERATE at higher bit rate. A user CLOSER to base station gets better speed at around 30 mbps.
Also as an available bandwidth is shared between no of users, performance depends on number of ACTIVE users connecting to that base station. So this needs a use of Quality of Service (QOS) mechanism to provide a minimum guaranteed throughput.

WiMax can not provide highest performance over 50 kilometers. As the distance increases, bit error rate thus reducing performance. Reducing distance to less than 1km allows a device to operate at higher bit rate. A user closer to base station gets better speed at around 30 mbps.
Also as an available bandwidth is shared between no of users, performance depends on number of active users connecting to that base station. So this needs a use of Quality of Service (QOS) mechanism to provide a minimum guaranteed throughput.

We need WiMAX technology for high speed broadband like internet access on the MOVE. We have broadband connections that provide high speed networks, but are attached to LAN systems i.e. not portable. Wi-fi provides access to such systems but limited to a much shorter distance. 
Then we have cellular networks which provide internet access but their speed is limited and they are RELATIVELY COSTLY. To overcome these PROBLEMS we need WiMax or comparable technology.

We need WiMAX technology for high speed broadband like internet access on the move. We have broadband connections that provide high speed networks, but are attached to LAN systems i.e. not portable. Wi-fi provides access to such systems but limited to a much shorter distance. 
Then we have cellular networks which provide internet access but their speed is limited and they are relatively costly. To overcome these problems we need WiMax or comparable technology.

Yes, WiMax is a standard based design, and WiMax standards are well defined to provide much better and FLEXIBLE SECURITY than wi-fi networks. 
★ WiMax security stack supports two encryption standards one is popular DES3 (Data Encryption Standard) and other is AES (ADVANCED Encryption Standard). 
★ Additionally it requires dedicated security processor for base station.
★ It ALSO defines minimum encryption requirements for the traffic and for end to end AUTHENTICATION.

Yes, WiMax is a standard based design, and WiMax standards are well defined to provide much better and flexible security than wi-fi networks. 
★ WiMax security stack supports two encryption standards one is popular DES3 (Data Encryption Standard) and other is AES (Advanced Encryption Standard). 
★ Additionally it requires dedicated security processor for base station.
★ It also defines minimum encryption requirements for the traffic and for end to end authentication.

Standards does not define any uniform global licensed spectrum for WiMax, however the WiMax forum has published 3 licensed spectrum PROFILES 2.3 GHz, 2.5 GHz and 3.5 GHz, in an effort to drive standardization and DECREASE cost. Also plans for use of ANALOG TV spectrum (700 MHz) AWAIT the complete deployment of digital TV.

Standards does not define any uniform global licensed spectrum for WiMax, however the WiMax forum has published 3 licensed spectrum profiles 2.3 GHz, 2.5 GHz and 3.5 GHz, in an effort to drive standardization and decrease cost. Also plans for use of analog TV spectrum (700 MHz) await the complete deployment of digital TV.

The FOLLOWING MODULATION schemes are SUPPORTED by WiMAX:
★ Binary PHASE SHIFT keying modulation
★ Quadrature phase shift keying modulation
★ Quadrature amplitude modulation

The following modulation schemes are supported by WiMAX:
★ Binary phase shift keying modulation
★ Quadrature phase shift keying modulation
★ Quadrature amplitude modulation

WiMAX SUPPORTS the FOLLOWING for ENCRYPTION:

• Advanced encryption standard
• Triple DATA encryption standard

WiMAX supports the following for encryption:

In wimax system, RANGING procedure is initiated by SS(Subscriber Station) to establish connection with BS(Base Station). This ranging procedure are of many types mainly available for synchronization and maintenance of RF link. After Ranging is completed Base station waits for SBC REQ MESSAGE TRANSMITTED by the Wimax SS. Using SBC REQ message SS informs BS of its BASIC capabilities. Unlike ranging request(RNG REQ) there is no dedicated slot for BANDWIDTH request and SBC REQ. Bandwidth request can be transmitted any where in the uplink subframe except the reserved ranging slot.

In wimax system, ranging procedure is initiated by SS(Subscriber Station) to establish connection with BS(Base Station). This ranging procedure are of many types mainly available for synchronization and maintenance of RF link. After Ranging is completed Base station waits for SBC REQ message transmitted by the Wimax SS. Using SBC REQ message SS informs BS of its basic capabilities. Unlike ranging request(RNG REQ) there is no dedicated slot for bandwidth request and SBC REQ. Bandwidth request can be transmitted any where in the uplink subframe except the reserved ranging slot.

The procedure helps wimax subscriber CAMP on to wimax compliant base station. Following are the summarized steps for network entry. Please note that this procedure is as per IEEE 802.16-2004 OFDM PHY and MAC layer specifications. This version of wimax is also referred as fixed wimax DUE to non-mobility of subscriber stations. The procedure for mobile version of wimax i.e. mobile wimax is similar to this but there are few changes to MAPs/channel descriptors and header format as WELL as ADDITION in MAC messages.

The procedure helps wimax subscriber camp on to wimax compliant base station. Following are the summarized steps for network entry. Please note that this procedure is as per IEEE 802.16-2004 OFDM PHY and MAC layer specifications. This version of wimax is also referred as fixed wimax due to non-mobility of subscriber stations. The procedure for mobile version of wimax i.e. mobile wimax is similar to this but there are few changes to MAPs/channel descriptors and header format as well as addition in MAC messages.

The central radio transmitter/receiver installed by service PROVIDER to broadcasts WiMax signals. These transmitters are TYPICALLY mounted on towers or tall buildings. Cellular networks are based on the concept of cells (a LOGICAL division of geographical area), each such cell is allocated a frequency and is served by a base station. 
Base station consists of a receiver, transmitter and a CONTROL unit. Adjacent base stations use different frequencies to AVOID cross-talk.

The central radio transmitter/receiver installed by service provider to broadcasts WiMax signals. These transmitters are typically mounted on towers or tall buildings. Cellular networks are based on the concept of cells (a logical division of geographical area), each such cell is allocated a frequency and is served by a base station. 
Base station consists of a receiver, transmitter and a control unit. Adjacent base stations use different frequencies to avoid cross-talk.

WiMax combines the advantages of favorite Wi-Fi and a wide coverage of cellular network. It takes a best part of wi-fi networks, the fast SPEED and BROADBAND internet experience. WiMax is a WAN technology, service providers will deploy a wimax network that enables ACCESS over long distance. Coverage for a geographical AREA is divided into a series of overlapping areas called CELLS. Each cell provides coverage for users within that immediate vicinity. When you travel from one cell to another, the wireless connection is handed off from one cell to another.

WiMax combines the advantages of favorite Wi-Fi and a wide coverage of cellular network. It takes a best part of wi-fi networks, the fast speed and broadband internet experience. WiMax is a WAN technology, service providers will deploy a wimax network that enables access over long distance. Coverage for a geographical area is divided into a series of overlapping areas called cells. Each cell provides coverage for users within that immediate vicinity. When you travel from one cell to another, the wireless connection is handed off from one cell to another.

WiMAX Technology is an IP BASED, wireless broadband access technology that provides performance SIMILAR to 802.11/Wi-Fi NETWORKS with the coverage and QOS (quality of service) of cellular networks. WiMAX is ALSO an acronym meaning "Worldwide INTEROPERABILITY for Microwave Access (WiMAX).

WiMAX Technology is an IP based, wireless broadband access technology that provides performance similar to 802.11/Wi-Fi networks with the coverage and QOS (quality of service) of cellular networks. WiMAX is also an acronym meaning "Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX).