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Following are the differences between 3G and 4G:-

1. 3G stands for 3RD GENERATION as it is just that in terms of the evolutionary PATH of the mobile phone industry. 4G means 4th generation. This is a set of standard that is being developed as a future successor of 3G in the very near future.
2. 4G speeds are MEANT to exceed that of 3G.
3. 3G uses the technique of circuit switching while 4G uses the technique of packet switching.

Following are the differences between 3G and 4G:-

 When the RECEIVED signal is not as same as the transmitted signal then it is known as Transmission impairment.

THREE different TYPES of transmission impairment are:-

1. Attenuation.
2. NOISE.
3. Delay Distortion.

 When the received signal is not as same as the transmitted signal then it is known as Transmission impairment.

Three different types of transmission impairment are:-

It controls hand offs between cells in different BSSS, AUTHENTICATES users , validates and maintains their accounts.

It is mainly supported by four databases:-

1. HOME Location Register.
2. Visitor Location Register.
3. Authentication Center.
4. EQUIPMENT Identity Register.

It controls hand offs between cells in different BSSs, authenticates users , validates and maintains their accounts.

It is mainly supported by four databases:-

It consists of one or more BTS and BSC. Each BTS is related to one cell which includes an antenna , a video trans-receiver and a link to BSC.BSC controls MULTIPLE BTS units, MANAGES the HAND offs of the mobiles and controls paging.

It consists of one or more BTS and BSC. Each BTS is related to one cell which includes an antenna , a video trans-receiver and a link to BSC.BSC controls multiple BTS units, manages the hand offs of the mobiles and controls paging.

It includes mobile EQUIPMENT which refers o a physical TERMINAL such as TELEPHONE which includes the radio trans-receiver SIGNAL processor and the Subscriber Identity MODULE.

It includes mobile equipment which refers o a physical terminal such as telephone which includes the radio trans-receiver signal processor and the Subscriber Identity Module.

When a MOBILE MOVES into a different cell while a conversation is in PROGRESS, the Mobile SWITCHING Center automatically transfers the call to a new channel belonging to the new Base Station.

Types of handoff:-

1. Hard Handoff
2. Soft Handoff.

When a mobile moves into a different cell while a conversation is in progress, the Mobile Switching Center automatically transfers the call to a new channel belonging to the new Base Station.

Types of handoff:-

WIRELESS communication is the TRANSFER of information between two or more points that are not connected by any physical medium.Wireless COMMUNICATIONS can be VIA:

1. Radio communication.
2. Microwave communication.
3. Light, Visible and INFRARED communication.

Wireless communication is the transfer of information between two or more points that are not connected by any physical medium.Wireless communications can be via:

The following are the disadvantages of Symmetric Cryptosystems:

• KEY transportation is one disadvantage of Symmetric Cryptosystems. From the sending system to the receiving system the secret key is to be transmitted before the actual message transmission. Electronic COMMUNICATION, in every MEANS is insecure as it is not guarantee that no tapping communication channels can be tapped. Personal exchanging of key exchange is the only SOURCE.
• repudiate digital SIGNATURES can not be provided.

The following are the disadvantages of Symmetric Cryptosystems:

A DIGITAL certificate is a CREDENTIAL which validates the certificate OWNER's identity. The information provided by the digital certificate is known as ‘the subject DISTINGUISHED NAME'. Certificate Authority issues the digital certificates to the users or the organizations. The trust in the certificate as a valid credential is provided as the foundation by the Certificate Authority.

A digital certificate is a credential which validates the certificate owner's identity. The information provided by the digital certificate is known as ‘the subject distinguished name'. Certificate Authority issues the digital certificates to the users or the organizations. The trust in the certificate as a valid credential is provided as the foundation by the Certificate Authority.

Public Key INFRASTRUCTURE: A set of hardware, software, people, policies and PROCEDURES comprises the Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) and digital certificates are revoked. The arrangement of public key binding with respective of identification of users by means of a Certificate Authority , is done in PKI. Every certificate authority should have a unique user identity. The registration and issuance PROCESS that is depending on the level of assurance is INVOLVED in binding, which may be carried out be software at a CA. The binding assurance portrayed by PKI is known as Registration Authority. The public key certificates issued by the CA are COMPRISED unforgettable user identity, public key and their binding, validity conditions and other attributes.

Public Key Infrastructure: A set of hardware, software, people, policies and procedures comprises the Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) and digital certificates are revoked. The arrangement of public key binding with respective of identification of users by means of a Certificate Authority , is done in PKI. Every certificate authority should have a unique user identity. The registration and issuance process that is depending on the level of assurance is involved in binding, which may be carried out be software at a CA. The binding assurance portrayed by PKI is known as Registration Authority. The public key certificates issued by the CA are comprised unforgettable user identity, public key and their binding, validity conditions and other attributes.

Challenge-Handshake Authentication Protocol authenticates to an authenticating entity of a user or network. The entity can be an Internet access provider. CHAP is used by Point-to-Point Protocol that servers for the validation of identifying of remote clients. The identity of the client is verified by CHAP periodically with the use of a three-way handshake. This situation OCCURS when an initial LINK is established and MAYBE repeated after at any time. The shared secret is the base for verification. CHAP protection to play BACK attack by the peer. This is done by using an incrementally changing identifier and of a variable challenge-value. Both client and server need to know about the plain text of secret which uses CHAP.

Challenge-Handshake Authentication Protocol authenticates to an authenticating entity of a user or network. The entity can be an Internet access provider. CHAP is used by Point-to-Point Protocol that servers for the validation of identifying of remote clients. The identity of the client is verified by CHAP periodically with the use of a three-way handshake. This situation occurs when an initial link is established and maybe repeated after at any time. The shared secret is the base for verification. CHAP protection to play back attack by the peer. This is done by using an incrementally changing identifier and of a variable challenge-value. Both client and server need to know about the plain text of secret which uses CHAP.

PPTP is ONE of the METHODS to implement Virtual Private Networks. Confidentiality or encryption does not provided by PPTP. The reliability of PPTP is being tunneled for the purpose of PROVIDING privacy. PPTP works by sending Point-to-Point Protocol to the peer with the Generic Encapsulation protocol. Because of its easy WAY of configuration, it is most popular protocol USED in VPNs. It was the first protocol for VPNs and was supported by Dial-up network of Microsoft.

PPTP is one of the methods to implement Virtual Private Networks. Confidentiality or encryption does not provided by PPTP. The reliability of PPTP is being tunneled for the purpose of providing privacy. PPTP works by sending Point-to-Point Protocol to the peer with the Generic Encapsulation protocol. Because of its easy way of configuration, it is most popular protocol used in VPNs. It was the first protocol for VPNs and was supported by Dial-up network of Microsoft.

The user creates a voluntary tunnel model. This model is typically USES a L2TP enabled client. An L2TP packet is sent by user to the Internet Service Provider which will in TURN forward them on to LNS. The support of L2TP support is not NEEDED by ISP. The L2TP tunnel initiator resides on the same system effectively playing as a remote client.

The user creates a voluntary tunnel model. This model is typically uses a L2TP enabled client. An L2TP packet is sent by user to the Internet Service Provider which will in turn forward them on to LNS. The support of L2TP support is not needed by ISP. The L2TP tunnel initiator resides on the same system effectively playing as a remote client.

The tunnel creation in compulsory tunnel, no ACTION from the user and without allowing the user any choice is performed. Internet service provider access concentrator receives a point-to-point protocol PACKETS from the user. The encapsulation of packets in L2TP and sending them through a tunnel to the L2TP NETWORK server is performed by the ISP. It is mandatory that the ISP is L2TP-capable.

The tunnel creation in compulsory tunnel, no action from the user and without allowing the user any choice is performed. Internet service provider access concentrator receives a point-to-point protocol packets from the user. The encapsulation of packets in L2TP and sending them through a tunnel to the L2TP network server is performed by the ISP. It is mandatory that the ISP is L2TP-capable.

The FOLLOWING is the process for Tcp connection:

• As connection is made by synchronizing sender and receiver and the OS is informed about the connection establishment.
• Sender STARTS sending information and gets acknowledged. Soon after the sender sends the data, a TIMER is started.
• When the sender is not RECEIVED any acknowledgement ever after exceeding the timer's limit, the data is transmitted.
• If WINDOWING occurs, buffer on the receiver is full, then a stop signal is sent by the sender and stops sending information
• Soon after processing all data, a go signal is sent by the sender, followed by transmitting data again.

The following is the process for Tcp connection:

Internet Control Message Protocol: This protocol is used for while checking the CONNECTIVITY using ping command

Address Resolution Protocol: This protocol is used to KNOW about the properties of TCP/IP. For example, to know other SYSTEM MAC addresses.

Multicast: Communication between single sender and a list of select RECIPIENTS in a NETWORK.

Broadcast: To send messages to all the recipients simultaneously in a network.

Internet Control Message Protocol: This protocol is used for while checking the connectivity using ping command

Address Resolution Protocol: This protocol is used to know about the properties of TCP/IP. For example, to know other system MAC addresses.

Multicast: Communication between single sender and a list of select recipients in a network.

Broadcast: To send messages to all the recipients simultaneously in a network.

For Voice TRANSFER, SCO (SYNCHRONOUS Connection ORIENTED) links are used for good synchronization and RELIABILITY.

For Voice transfer, SCO (Synchronous Connection Oriented) links are used for good synchronization and reliability.

Airport is standard (802.11) and has a FASTER transfer rate. TECHNOLOGICALLY it is more advanced, more RUGGED and smaller and capable of being used anywhere. It is 10mb/sec, 50 meters, 10 active devices. Apparently, BLUETOOTH is 1mb/sec, 10 meters and 7 active devices.

Airport is standard (802.11) and has a faster transfer rate. Technologically it is more advanced, more rugged and smaller and capable of being used anywhere. It is 10mb/sec, 50 meters, 10 active devices. Apparently, Bluetooth is 1mb/sec, 10 meters and 7 active devices.

• Flexibility and mobility are the growing reasons to use wireless LAN which USES radio frequencies for transmitting data. Wireless LANs are established for communicating with one another while on the go.
• The data transmitting on one frequency for a specific time limit and jumping randomly to another and transmitting again is the process in FHSS. The RF CIRCUITS can utilize class C amplification, efficient non-linear with a normal 1 MHz bandwidth.
• FHSS systems are better for use within indoors and in severe multipath ENVIRONMENTS. This is because of the frequency hopping scheme COULD defeat the multipath by hopping to a new frequency.

Bluetooth 2.0 is better than its predecessors because:

• Bluetooth 2.0 is 3 times faster than 1.2
• An additional modulation scheme is USED
• It is backwards compatible
• The number of connections running CONCURRENTLY are more
• It is CAPABLE of RECOVERING from errors and
• Power consumption is less.

Bluetooth 2.0 is better than its predecessors because:

Blue tooth technology uses Adaptive Frequency Hopping and capable to reduce interference between wireless technologies with the help of 2.4 GHZ spectrum. In order to take the advantage of the available frequency, Blue tooth's AFH works within the spectrum and is performed by the technology detecting other devices in the spectrum and AVOIDING the used FREQUENCIES. EFFICIENT TRANSMISSION within the spectrum at high degree of interference immunity is achieved by adapting hopping among 79 frequencies at 1 MHz intervals.

Blue tooth technology uses Adaptive Frequency Hopping and capable to reduce interference between wireless technologies with the help of 2.4 GHz spectrum. In order to take the advantage of the available frequency, Blue tooth's AFH works within the spectrum and is performed by the technology detecting other devices in the spectrum and avoiding the used frequencies. Efficient transmission within the spectrum at high degree of interference immunity is achieved by adapting hopping among 79 frequencies at 1 MHz intervals.