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The Paris Peace Conference, 1919 officially ended the First World War.

In 1917, U.S.A also joined the side of Allies, because Germany destroyed S.S. Lusitania a British ship, in which many American civilians were travelling.

Mussolini-in 1919 A.D.

Nazi party-1919 A.D.

Hitler was the Dictator of Germany and founder of the Nazi party.

Mussolini   .

“I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears, and sweat”.

Mussolini restored order in Italy and industrial strikes were totally banned. Communists were mercilessly massacred. Education was brought under State control to spread fascist ideas. Mussolini realized the importance of securing the support of Church for his regime. So, he made peace with Pope Pius XI by signing the ‘Lateran Treaty’ in 1929. The Pope recognized the Kingdom of Italy, and in return, Mussolini recognized the independence of the Vatican. Through Fascism, Mussolini enforced order and discipline. He encouraged the production of electricity and used natural resources for the increase in foreign trade.

He improved agriculture and developed the Italian industry. Trade and commerce were revived. Construction of railways and shipbuilding were given top priority. Militarism was the main feature of the Fascist Party and compulsory military training was introduced. The army, navy, and air force were strengthened. Further, in order to increase the population, Italian parents with large families were rewarded with incentives like tax exemption, employment, etc.

After consolidating the internal affairs of Italy, Mussolini embarked on his mission of expansion of Italy. He publicly declared, “Italy must expand or perish”. He followed a vigorous and aggressive foreign policy and started his invasions.

Mussolini was the dictator of Italy and founder of the Fascist party.

Mussolini declared ‘Italy must expand or perish’.

The results of the First World War are as follows:

1. The horrors and miseries in the aftermath of the war were plenty. The lasting result of the war was the loss of millions of fittest men and permanent disabling of many more. It has been estimated that about 60 million soldiers took part in the war. Out of them, about 10 million were killed and about 20 million were wounded.

2. Most of them were men below the age of 40. Besides, millions of civilians died of starvation, diseases and mindless violence. As a result, women were forced to work in the factories, shops, hospitals, offices, schools, etc. they worked in place of men and thus ended the traditional barrier between men and women.

3. As a result of the war, four old Empires were overthrown. They were the Hapsburg of Austria, Hohenzollerns of Germany, Romanovs of Russia and the Turkish Sultanate. Many new States were setup on the ruins of the old Empires like Finland, Latvia, Estonia, Poland, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia.

4. The Treaty of Versailles was an important outcome of the war. By this Treaty, Germany had to give up large number of its territories and colonies. It was imposed a huge war indemnity and its military strength was reduced.

5. It became common after the war to look to the Government for guidance to solve economic, social and other problems of the people. Government control over many aspects of life increased. Acute shortage of goods led to inflation. Each warring nation imposed heavy, taxes to meet the war expenses. World’s production decreased and the cost of living shot up everywhere. The largest creditor-nations of Europe became debtornations.

6. The most important constructive result of the First World War as the establishment of an international organization called the League of Nations to preserve the World peace by avoiding future wars. The Paris Peace Conference accepted the proposal of Woodrow Wilson. The League of Nations came into existence in 1920 with its headquarters at Geneva in Switzerland.

7. Countries like Poland, Belgium and Czechoslovakia became independent after the war.

8. The Paris Peace Conference, in 1919 officially ended the First World War.

Winston Churchill was the P.M. of England.

The First World War broke out on 28th July 1914.

Adolf Hitler was born in Austria in 1889.

Mein  Kampf.

The Socialist paper ‘Avanti’ was edited by Mussolini.

The main features of Nazism were: 

• One party rule. 
• Nazification. 
• Racial Supremacy. 
• Anti-Jewish and anti-religious sentiments. 
• Importance to state. 
• Glorification of war.

The Nazi Party was made the only political party. Freedom of press and speech were abolished by Hitler. He also centralized all powers of central and local governments, coordinated all labour and youth organizations, and controlled every aspect of national life, including the press, all economic institutions, stage, and the cinema. Everybody and everything was Nazified within the country.

Adolf Hitler was the founder of Nazism.

Kaiser William-II was the Emperor of Germany during the First World War.

The main results of the Second World War were as follows:

1. The Second World War was the most destructive of all the wars fought until then. About 25 million people were killed and 50 million were disabled. Millions of people later died of starvation and diseases. There was large scale destruction of houses, industries and communication and transport systems. The destruction of agricultural land led to a shortage of food. After the war, most of the countries faced the problems of post-war reconstructions.

2. World War II ended the dictatorships in Italy and Germany. Italy was declared a Republic under Badogli, and Germany was divided into four zones under U.S.A., U.S.S.R., Britain, and France. A Tribunal was set up at Nuremberg to conduct trials of leading Nazis. Japan gave up all its rights to China. Japan was occupied by the Allied Powers. ( U.S.A)

3. European domination of the world ended after this war. After the Second World War, U.S.A, and U.S.S.R emerged as two superpowers.

4. The distrust between U.S.A and U.S.S.R increased after the war. This led to what is known as the ‘Cold War’. The rivalry between these two superpowers had been the most important feature of international relations since 1945. As a result, world peace was constantly threatened.

5. The World War resulted in the victory of the principle of Nationalism and the liquidation of Colonialism. The colonial Empires of European powers in Asia, Africa, and Latin America came to an end. India, Ceylon, Indonesia, and other countries became independent after the war.

6. The Jews had become homeless during the Nazi regime in Germany. About six million Jews perished in the concentration camps. After the war, with the help of U.S.A., a new homeland (Israel) for the Jews was created in 1948.

7. Japan experienced disastrous effects of atomic weapons. The entire atmosphere became poisonous. Most of the newborn children suffered from serve deformities.

8. The most important result of World War Second was the birth of United Nations Organization with the object of preventing further wars and maintaining peace in the future.

Alsace and Loraine Provinces were handed over to France.

Axis Powers and Allied Powers.

Germany, Austria, Italy, Japan and others.

World War I ended on 11th November 1918.

The book written by Hitler was Mein Kampf (My Struggle).

Fascism is derived from the word ‘fasces’ which means a ‘bundle of rods’ with an axe symbol of power in the ancient Roman period.

The murder of the Crown Prince of Austria, Archduke Francis Ferdinand and his wife in the Bosnian capital Sarajevo, was the immediate cause for the First World War.

Mussolini was the founder of Fascism.

The main Principles of Nazism were: 

• One party rule 
• Nazification 
• Racial Supremacy 
• Anti-Jewish and anti- religious sentiments 
• Importance to State.

On 1^st September 1939, Germany under. Hitler invaded Poland, which was an ally of England and France, and they declared war on Germany.

On 28^th June 1919.

World War II began on 1st September 1939.

England, France, U.S.S.R and U.S.A.

In 1^st Jan 1920 A.D at Geneva.

The aims of U.N.O are 

• To maintain International peace and security. 
• To develop friendly relations among the nations.

The Principles of Fascism were: 

• Glorification of war 
• Importance to the state 
• Belief in Single party . 
• Opposition to democracy and socialism. 
• Unquestioning supremacy of the regime.

Hapsburg of Austria, Hohenzollerns of Germany, Romanovs of Russia and the Turkish Sultanate (Ottoman Empire) were the Empires which were overthrown after the First World War.

S.S. Lusitania the British ship.

24^th October is celebrated as the U.N. Day.

The International Court of Justice is located at The Hague in the Netherlands.

The Headquarters of U.N.O is located in New York (U.S. A)

The U.N.O was established on 24^th October 1945.

Ban Ki-Moon of South Korea. (From 2012).

As of 2012, there are 193 member nations in U.N.O.

The League of Nations was established on 1st June 1920. Its headquarters was in Geneva.

English and French are two of the official languages of U.N.O.

England, France, U.S.A. and U.S.S.R.

The triple Entente was formed in 1907.

Triple Entente also known as the Allies, comprising of England, France, U.S.A, Russia, Japan, and others won the First World War.

Treaty of Versailles-28^th June 1919 A.D.