Ans :- Attenuation is a telecommunications term that refers to a reduction in signal strength commonly occurring while transmitting analog or digital signals over long distances. Attenuation occurs with any type of signal, whether digital or analog. The extent of attenuation is usually expressed in units called decibels (dBs).

Attenuation can relate to both hard-wired connections and to wireless transmissions. There are many instances of attenuation in telecommunications and digital network circuitry. Inherent attenuation can be caused by a number of signaling issues including:

Transmission medium - All electrical signals transmitted down electrical conductors cause an electromagnetic field around the transmission. This field causes energy loss down the cable and gets worse depending upon the frequency and length of the cable run. Losses due to

Crosstalk from adjacent cabling causes attenuation in copper or other conductive metal cabling.

Conductors and connectors - Attenuation can occur as a signal passes across different conductive mediums and mated connector surfaces.

Different types of attenuation include:

Deliberate attenuation can occur for example where a volume control is used to lower the sound level on consumer electronics.

Automatic attenuation is a common feature of televisions and other audio equipment to prevent sound distortion by automatic level sensing that triggers attenuation circuits.

Environmental attenuation relates to signal power loss due to the transmission medium, whether that be wireless, copper wired or fiber optic connected.