Describe the following processes: (i) Esterification (ii) Saponificati

1.	Describe the following processes: (i) Esterification (ii) Saponification (iii) Hydrogenation.
Answer» Solution : (i) Esterification : Alcohols are reacted with carbonic acids in the presence of concentrated `H_2 SO_4` to form ester and this process is known as esterification. Method : Mix ethyl alochol with acetic acid in a test tube, Few drops of conc. `H_2SO_4` is added test tube is heated MILDLY in hot tube of water. Instantaneously sweet smell of ester is diffused in whole room. `CH_3COOH + C_2H_5OH to CH_3COO_2CH` (ii) Saponification : Breaking down the fats is called saponification . It is performed by heating vegetable or animal oil with 40% solution of caustic soda . Fats and base react to produce soap and glycerol. Concentrated common solution is added to crystalisesoap from water . Soap floats on the surface of water after cooling. Soap is extracted from water and desired colour and smell are added and is given desired shape . (iii) Hydrogenation : Conversion of unsaturated hydrocarbon into saturated hydrocarbons by the addition of hydrogen in the presence of Nickel or polladium as catalystis known as hydrogenation . INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS : This process is used for conversion of vegetable oil into vegetable ghee . `"Vegetable Oil" + H_2 overset(Ni,476K) to "Vegetable Ghee"` Vegetableoils havedouble carbonic hand . When hydrogen gas is made to PASS through these in the presence of Nickel acting as catalyst at 473K it converts into solid fat.

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