Explain the working process and applications of SONAR.

1.	Explain the working process and applications of SONAR.
Answer» Solution :1) SONAR STANDS for Sonographic Navigation and Ranging. 2) This is a method for deetecting and finding the distance of objects under water by means of reflected ultrasonic waves. Working of SONAR : 1) SONAR system consists of a transmitter and a detector in the "Observation Centre" on board of aship. 2) From the observation centre,ultrasonic waves of high frequencyare sent in all directions under the water through transmitter. 3)These waves travel in straight lines till they hit an object such as a submarine, a sunken ship etc. 4) The waves are then reflected and are received back by the receiver at the observation centre. 5) The study of these reflected waves gives information about the direction of the object located. 6) The time between sending ultrasonic waveand receiving its echo, the distance of the object is calculated. 7) Reflections from various angles can be utilized to determine the SHAPE and size of the object. MATHEMATICAL expression : 1) Let 'd' be the distance between SONAR and an underwater object. 2) 't' be the time between sending an ultrasonic wave and receiving its echo. 3) 'u' be the speed of sound in water. The total distance covered by the wave from the SONAR to theobject and back is2d. 5) From the equation `s - UT implies 2d = ut implies d = (ut)/(2)`. Application : Marine geologists use this method to determine the depth of the seaand to locate underwater hills and valleys.

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