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Summer crop sown in February-March

Rabi crop sown in October - November .

Pulses are mostly grown in rotation with other crops because:

(i) Pulses need less moisture and survive even in dry conditions.

(ii) Being leguminous crops, all these crops help in restoring soil fertility by fixing nitrogen from the air.

(iii) Major pulse producing states are: Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh.

sustain himself on the collected forest produce

cocoon of the silk moth

hover around the plants that bear flowers

Nosema disease (Nosemosis).

Swarming is the process by which a new honey bee colony is formed when the queen bee leaves the colony with a large group of worker. In the prime swarm, about 60% of the worker bees leave the original hive location with the old queen. 

Apis cerana (Indian/Asian / Eastern honey bee) Apis mellifera (Italian/ European honey bee).

Azadirachtin.

The ‘slash and burn’ method of farming known as ‘Jhumming cultivation’ in India is practiced generally by tribal people. It is also known as shifting cultivation. In this system, forest land is cleared for raising crops until the soil loses its fertility. With the loss of soil fertility, the farmer moves to newer forest lands often leading to severe environmental degradation.

A. As food grains,

B. As raw material for agro-based industries,

C. Fodder for cattle.

Leguminous crops are related to or denoted by the plants of the pea family. These have seeds in pods, distinctive flowers, and typically root nodules containing symbiotic bacteria able to fix nitrogen. A large number of such crops are utilized as food crops as well as fallow crops. Leguminous crops include pulses, beans, groundnuts, and cowpeas.

Agricultural crops in India are often divided into three types based on the cropping season. These are – rabi, Kharif and zaid. When cultivation began in early winter (October -December) and harvested during the summer months (April -June), it is known as the winter crop or rabi crop. Although it is not the major cropping season in India, winter wheat is important in Northern India. Rabi crops are mainly grown in the states from the north and north-western parts of India such as Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh.

(c) Wheat, barley, gram, mustard, pea

1. Tea 

2. Cotton are the two main cash crops.

Haryana has second place.

Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala.

Conditions for Growth: 

• Coffee is a tropical crop. So, it requires hot & humid climate. 
• It requires high temperature ranging from 15°C to 30°C. 
• Rainfall varying from 150 to 200 cm is necessary & it should be well distributed throught out the year. 
• Coffee plants require deep fertile soil, humus & nitrogenous contained soils are suitable, so cleared up forest land is most suitable for coffee cultivation. 
• Coffee plants require shade, because sunrays & strong winds are harmful to coffee plants. 
• Hill slopes are suitable for cultivation of coffee plants to avoid stagnant of water. 
• Dry weather is necessary’ at the time of ripening of harries. 
• Use of manures and fertilizers are required for coffee cultivation. 
• Use of pesticides and insecticides are very essential, because coffee plant is susceptible to pests & diseases. 
• It requires abundant supply of cheap & skilled labour for various operations.

Reasons for the concentration of coffee in South India : The Coffee plant was first introduced in lndia by a muslim Fakir, Bababudan Sahib who brought some seeds from Mecca during 17th Century and planted the seedlings in Chandragiri Hills now. It is called Bababudan Hills in Chikmangalur district of Karnataka. Then it was spread to the neighbouring districts of Tamil Nadu, Kerala & other parts of the country.

Millets are coarse grains but have high nutritional value e.g. ragi-rich in iron, calcium.

(i) Jowar-Rainfed crops mostly grown in the moist area.

States producing-Maharashtra, Karnataka and M.P

(ii) Bajra-grown well on sandy soils & shallow black soil.

States producing-Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Gujrat, Haryana and U.P

(iii) Ragi-grown well in a dry region on red, black, sandy and loamy soils.

States producing-Tamil Nadu, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand and Sikkim.

1. Cotton 

2. Jute.

Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata and Chennai.

Farmers are unable to compete with foreign agricultural products.

To improve their condition and prevent farmer suicides, various suggestions are as follows:

(i) Genetic engineering can help to invent hybrid seeds.

(ii) Organic farming will preserve the soil, water and environment.

(iii) Diversification of crops from only cereals to high-value crops which can grow easily in Indian climatic conditions.

Word "Horticulture" derived from  Latin 

i. In the pictures we can observe the changes in agricultural practices. It shows the transition from traditional to modern agriculture.

(a) Initially man cultivated crops using only manual labour. Later he started using various animals like bullocks to cultivate crops.

Today we use modern machines for various agricultural practices.

(b) Irrigation too has changed – from water allowed to flow freely in the field though pipes, man now uses modern methods like sprinkler & drip irrigation. 

(c) Poultry farming is supplementary to cultivation of crops & is included in agriculture. Initially hens were reared in small numbers in open areas. But today hens are reared on a large scale. With use of modem techniques it leads to large scale production of eggs.

ii. Traditionally agriculture was carried out using manual labour & bovine power. Today modem methods of agriculture include using machines tractors, harvests, fertilizers, insecticides, pesticides, etc. for better yield of crop.

Irrigation is used for ample water supply throughout the year to maximize crop production. Modern, scientific techniques & use of hybrid seed, leads to more productivity of land, (more crop production in limited land area)

(i) Most of the agriculture in India is dependent on monsoon rainfall. 80% of the rainfall in India is received from south west monsoon winds from June to September.

(ii) Since monsoon in India is seasonal; agriculture in India is also seasonal in nature.

Difficulties for perennial agriculture.

(i) Rainfall in India is highly irregular & uncertain. Also there is lack of irrigation facilities. 

(ii) There is lack of capital investment, godowns, transportation, etc. 

(iii) There is lack of awareness with respect to scientific methods of crop cultivation.

The cultivation, processing, and sale of fruits, nuts, vegetables, ornamental plants, and flowers as well as many additional services is called horticulture. The horticulture sector includes a wide variety of crops such as fruits, vegetables, spices, plantation crops, floriculture, medicinal and aromatic plants, cashew etc. The diversity of physiographic, climatic and soil characteristics enable India to grow a large variety of horticultural crops. In 2014 India was the second largest producer of fruits and vegetables in the world after China.

1. India grows both tropical and temperate fruits. Some of the fruits produced in India are – Mangoes of Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal, oranges of Nagpur and Cherrapunjee (Meghalaya), bananas of Kerala, Mizoram, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu, etc.

2. India produces about 13 per cent of the world’s vegetables. It is an important producer of a pea, cauliflower, onion, cabbage, tomato, brinjal, and potato.

3. Besides the above-mentioned fruits and vegetables, India also grows a variety of spices which not only have a high internal demand but an increasing export demand. Coconut and cashew are two other important horticultural crops that India is a leading producer of.

4. India is the largest producer of coconut in the world with the distinction of having the highest productivity with the southern states accounting for more than 80 per cent of coconut nuts production.

5. India occupies a premier position in cashew-nut production, contributing about 43 per cent of the world production and is also the largest exporter of cashew-nut in the world.

Horticultural is thus an important agricultural activity in India. Owing to the higher demand and export requirements, it is not only responsible for income generation but also for creating more employment opportunities. It also acts as a practical alternative for areas with low productivity of traditional crops.

Major products of horticulture are flowers like lily, gerbera, tulip, dahlia, chrysanthemum, marigold, etc.

i. A farmer’s house, a farmer keeps cows, hens, sheep, goats and cattle, a standing crop, a plough share, farmers wife grazing the cattle.

ii. Farmer gets milk from goats and eggs from the hens.

iii. The spade and plough are seen in the picture.

iv. Spade is a hand tool used to dig or loosen ground or break lumps in the soil. A plough is used for ploughing the fields. Ploughing turns organic matter into soil to increase decomposition and add nutrients from organic matter to the soil.

v. The activities shown in the picture mostly fall under the occupation of agriculture.

vi. The main occupation of these people could be cultivation of crops.

vii. The farmer himself could be the owner of the house.

viii. Milk and dairy products, eggs are used in our day to day lives.

The key areas are Punjab, Haryana, Western Uttar Pradesh, Western Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Western parts of Peninsular plateau.

Following are the characteristics:

1. With exports point of view, in commercial agriculture, emphasis is given to additional production. 

2. This agriculture is dependent upon transportation and means of communication. 

3. According to geographical situation, preference is given to a single crop. 

4. The trend of commercial agriculture is increasing in Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra and Kerala.

(a) For the growth of fruits a large number of similar trees are grown in a vast area. Such land areas are called farms or orchards, for e.g. mango, coconut.

(b) In this type of farming modern as well as traditional methods are used.

(c) Use of irrigation, chemical fertilizers, green houses, etc. is being made for getting more profit.

(a) Crops are grown on small farm lands with the help of bovine (animal) and human resources.

(b) The profits earned are very low despite intensive care taken.

(c) The crops that are grown are used for home consumption and the excess, if any, is sold in the local market.

This is a type of commercial agriculture. This is such an intensive agriculture in which there is specialization on large scale and which is mostly done on small scale. The development of this agriculture has been possible due to demand of fruits and vegetables from the cities. In this agricultural method, a big amount of produce is obtained from a small area.

(a) One single tree crop is grown on a large scale. 

(b) Only commercial crops like tea, rubber, coffee, cocoa, coconut, spices, etc. are planted. 

(c) It requires lot of capital investment due to the long duration of crops, use of scientific methods, exportable production, processing,

Hybrid variety of coconut is Kerashree.

Preparation of Mango Pickle 

Material: Well-developed green mango fruit, salt (1kg, salt), vinegar, oil , cutting knife and spices (200g, red chilli powder 10g, asafetida -5g, fenugreek, black pepper, cardamom (large), cumin and cinnamon (powdered) each 10g, clove (headless) 6 numbers.) 

Procedure of Preparation of Mango Pickle: 

1. Select under – ripe (mature and green) full developed mango without any diseased parts.

2. Wash them with clean water . 

3. Slice them longitudinally slices with a stainless steel knife. Discard the seed. 

4. Keep the slices in brine solution of 2-3 percent. 

5. Mix the mango slice with the common salt powder and place them in a glass jar. 

6. Keep it in sun for 4-5 days, till the slice turn pale yellow. 

7. Mix the other ingredients (spices)with the slices and smear them with a little mustard oil. 

8. Pack the pickle in glass or glazed jar and covered with a thin layer of mustard oil. Keep it under sun. the should be covered initially by thin cloth. The pickle will be ready in 2-3 weeks. 

9. Store tightly in cool place.

"National Fruit" of India is Mango.

Papaya belong to Caricaceae family.

(d) All of these

(d) All of these 

Botanical name of maize is  Zea mays

Plantation Agriculture: It is a type of commercial farming practised in tropical and sub-tropical regions. It was introduced by the British in India.

Characteristics:

(i) A signal crop is grown over a large area.

(ii) It is capital intensive and done with migrant labour.

(iii) All produce is used as raw material in industries such as tea, coffee, rubber, sugarcane, banana, etc.

(iv) Plantation has an interface of agriculture and industry both.

Dahlia need light  for good flowering in  12-14 hours 

Hybrid variety of mango Mallika and Amrapali