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‘Gossypium’ .

Andhra Pradesh.

‘Saccharam Officinarum’.

Karnataka, On March 24th, 2004.

Important characteristics of organic farming are as follows: 

1. Sustainable use of local resources.

2. Minimum use of purchased inputs. The purchased inputs are only complementary to the local resources. 

3. Ensuring and enhancing the biological functions of soil-water-nutrients continuum. Organic farming practices improve the soil physical, chemical and biological properties of soil. 

4. Maintaining the agro-biodiversity to achieve ecological balance and economic stability. 

5. Crop diversification is an important component of organic farming systems. Crop diversification helps in improving the soil health and agricultural productivity.

‘Uttar Pradesh’ It share is 32.25%.

‘West Bengal, It contributes 14.24% under total production of rice in India.

‘In Vitro’ literally means ‘In Glass’ taking place in a test tube.

‘Oryza Sativa’.

‘Andhra Pradesh’.

Gulkhand is prepared by mixing rose petals and sugar in the ratio of 1:2 followed by mashing and drying the mixture in sun. 

Rose water is prepared by Boiling the rose flowers / petals in water and the steam is condensed to get rose water. 

Cut flowers refers to fresh flowers harvested/cut , that have started to blossom or are 

(a) in the bud stage, which may have branches, stems and leaves to be used for decorations. 

(b) Factors affecting longevity of cut flowers 

i. Genetic factors(crop specie sand cultivar) 

ii. Environmental factors (Light,-quality, intensity and photoperiod (Most cut flower crops require well-lighted conditions. On the contrary, too high light intensities cause scorching and dropping of leaves and abscission of petals.): Temperature, relative humidity ,air quality, pressure and growing condition 

iii. Management factors: Growing media, nutrition irrigation frequency, fertilizers (High nitrogen doses should be avoided as they increase susceptibility to diseases.), insecticides presence of insect-diseases (Flowers damaged by pathogens, insects and pests also show high ethylene production resulting in poor vase-life.), growth regulators 

iv. Harvest factors: right maturity indices (Harvesting of flowers at bud stage is always preferred as their buds have long vase-life, are less sensitive to ethylene, easy to handle during storage and transport and are less prone to diseases and pests.), time of harvesting (The best time is the coolest part of the day and when there is no surface water from dew or rain on the plants.), method of harvesting (The stems should be cut with sharp knives or secateurs. Hardwood stems should always be given slanting cut to expose maximum surface are to ensure rapid water absorption.), distance from the market (Materials for preserving usually are harvested more mature than those for fresh, wholesale markets. ), consumer preferences 

v. Post Harvest Factors : Water relation (The vase life of the harvested flowers depends on water uptake. The rate of water uptake of cut flowers depends on transpiration pull, temperature and composition of solutes . Acidification of water and addition of wetting agent and flower food in the holding solution markedly improve water uptake of cut flowers.), Respiration (The rate of respiration depends on quantity of carbohydrates available in the harvested flowers, temperature and the use of certain chemicals to regulate it. With higher temperature, there is faster rate of respiration and burning of the tissue. Consequently, the life of flowers is shortened.), Relative humidity and air composition (It has, bearing on the transpiration rate. Higher the humidity in the air, less is the transpiration rate and vice-versa. Increased level of CO₂ and decreased levels of O₂ in the atmosphere prevents build-up of endogenous ethylene), Growth regulators (Postharvest life of flowers can be controlled by growth regulators. Cytokinins delay senescence of some cut flowers. Depending upon the concentrations, GA in some cases promotes longevity of flowers, while this is also used in bud opening solution. Flowers can be stored for a longer period at low temperature. The controlled atmosphere reduces respiration rates, conservation of respirable substrates during, storage, and delay in ethylene-triggered changes, Packing and transporting (Packaging ensures garden fresh of flowers to the consumers. Before packing, flowers should be dried, treated with systemic insecticides and miticides Packing must ensure protection of flowers against physical damage, water loss and external conditions detrimental to transported flowers. Boxes made of corrugated fibre boards (CFB) are good. 

(c) Cut flowers or cut inflorescence is composed of many morphological units such as sepals, petals, androecium, gynoecium, stem and often leaves. These are different in terms of morphological and physiological traits and interact with each other thus making a cut flower more complex organ. These interactions between these components influence water balance, thus, post harvest life of cut flowers is much affected. About 50% losses occur during post harvest handling so; proper care should be taken during post harvest handling. 

An ideal cut flower should remain fresh with respect to its colour, fragrance and appearance without loosing its grade for reasonable length of time. 

Post harvest handling of cut flowers 

i. Hardening: It is treatment given immediately after the harvesting of flowers by using water (preferably warm de-ionized water containing some germicide) to restore turgidity. 

ii. Pulsing or loading: It consists of placing the lower portion of cut flower stems in solution containing high percentage of sugar and germicide fo a period of few hours to two days. Specific formulations developed vary with the flower species as sucrose 2-20% for 12-48 hours at 20-27ºC and relative humidity 80-100% under 2000-2500 lux cool light. 

iii. Pre -cooling: it is the removal of field heat from cut flowers, in which temperature is brought down from 25-30 ºC to 1-2 ºC in less than an hour time. Either through hydro cooling or mechanical refrigeration. 

iv. Storing cut flowers: - Cold storage/refrigeration (wet or dry) 

• Controlled atmospheric storage (CO₂: 5-30%, Temperature: 3-10 ⁰C, low O₂) 
• Modified atmospheric storage 

Hypobaric or low pressure storage (Temperature; 2⁰C, Relative humidity-98%, Pressure- 24mm Hg or 0.1atm)

(a) Promotion of organic farming in the country through technical capacity building of all the stakeholders including human resource development, transfer of technology, promotion and production of quality organic and biological inputs. 

(b) motion of Organic Farming through low cost certification system known as “Participatory Guarantee System”. 

(c) NPOF scheme provides financial assistance through Capital Investment Subsidy Scheme (CISS) for agro-waste compost production units, biofertilizers/bio-pesticides production units, development and implementation of quality control regime, human resource development, etc.

Industries that depend on agriculture for raw materials are called agro-based industries. 

Two examples of such industries are as follows –

a) Sugar industry which depends upon sugarcane crop for raw materials

b) Jute Textile industry which depends upon jute crop for jute fibres which are the most important raw material for it.

(a) A jelly is a semi-solid product prepared by boiling a clear, strained solution of pectin containing fruit extract, free from pulp, after the addition of sugar and acid. 

(b) Raw material, ingredients, machinery required 

1. Fresh ripe guava, 

2. Sugar, Citric acid 

3. Guava: Sugar: Citric acid :: 1kg : 750gm: 3.0 gm 

4. Stainless steel knives, ladle utensils for cooking and mixing, wide mouthed glass bottles, sterilization tank, juicer/basket press, bhatti/LPG stove/boiler, Thermometer, Jelmeter or Refractometer, etc. 

Preparation of guava jelly 

(1) Select sound, mature fruits, wash thoroughly and cut them in small pieces along with peel (peel contains maximum pectin). 

(2) Add sufficient water so that the pieces are dipped in water and add citric acid 1.5 to 2 g/kg fruits. 

(3) Boil the mass gently so as to enable release of pectin. 

(4) Repeat the process 2-3 times for complete extraction of pectin. 

(5) Strain the mass through a muslin cloth to separate the extract. Do not squeeze, only strain all the extracts. 

(6) Collect only the supernatant. 

(7) Determination of pectin content: The pectin content of the strained extract is usually determined by one of the following two methods. 

(a) Alcohol test: 

(b) Jelmeter test The reading of the level of extract in the jelmeter is noted. This figure indicates how many parts of sugar are to be added to one part of juice. 

(8) If the pectin contents are poor, concentrate the extract till it gives test of high pectin or if required add the pectin externally. 

(9) Cooking is carried till end point reaches. The end-point of a jelly can be judged by using any of the following methods: 

(a) Cold plate test 

(b) Sheet or flake test 

(c) Temperature of boiling mixture: At end point the temperature of boiling jelly is around 105.5⁰C. 

(10) Pour the finished jelly into clean, dry, pre-sterilized jars. 

(11) Allow the product to cool and seal the jar air-tight with a layer of molten paraffin wax. 

(12) Label and store in a cool and dry place.

(c) FPO specifications for jelly

(a) Insect pest management or Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a system that, in the context of associated environment and population dynamics of the pest species, utilizes all suitable techniques and methods in as compatible a manner as possible and maintains pest populations at levels below those causing economic injury. 

(b) The cultural control is a key component of Integrated Pest Management. Cultural method of pest control involves use of production and management techniques followed by farmers for crop productivity to manipulate pest population. Cultural control consists of introducing minor changes in the farm practices and farm machinery that aids both in agricultural production and pest control.

The cropping techniques mentioned above are adopted for the pest control. The cultural control can be effective if practiced at the community level. For example, farm practices like synchronised sowing, crop sanitation, crop rotation have beneficial effect if adopted on a large scale. 

(c) Biological control 

The study and utilization of parasitoids, predators and pathogens for the regulation of pest population densities is called as biological pest control. The techniques adopted for biological control are as follows: 

1. Conservation and encouragement of indigenous natural enemies 

2. Introduction of natural enemies into a new locality 

3. Mass culturing and release of natural enemies to increase its population. 

 Parasitoids as a biocontrol: 

Parasitoid is an insect parasite of an arthropod which is parasitic in immature stages and adults are free living. e.g. 

1. Trichogrammachilonis on the eggs of sugarcane internode borer, cotton bollworm. 

2. Chelonusblackburni on the eggs of cotton spotted bollworm.

Predators as a biocontrol: 

Predator is a free living organism throughout its life. Predator kills its prey. The predator is usually larger than its prey. e.g. 

1.Lady bird beetle (Coccinellaseptumpunctata) against aphids (pest). 

2. Reduviid bug (Rhinocorisfuscipes) against cotton American bollworm (Helicoverpaarmigera) (pest)

Functions of calcium: 

(a) Calcium in plants forms Ca-pectate which is an essential constituent of cell wall. 

(b) Calcium increases stiffness of plants. 

(c) It is involved in mitosis. 

(d) It maintains chromosome structure. 

(e) It regulates the meristem growth and functioning of the root tips. 

(f) It protects the root cells against low pH, ion balance and toxic effects of Al, Fe, etc. 

(g) It regulates the activities of enzymes like phospholipase, arginine kinase, amylase, and ATPase. 

Deficiency of calcium: 

(a) Deficiency symptoms are observed on the younger leaves as calcium is immobile in plants. 

(b) Younger leaves in the calcium deficient plants are short and distorted. 

(c) Under severe deficiency condition, the apical meristem dies resulting in the production of tillers from the basal nodes. 

(d) In case of cereal crops, the upper internodes are small and the leaves are crowded exhibiting a rosette appearance. 

(e) The root system is stunted. The flowering and maturity is delayed due to calcium deficiency. 

(f) Calcium deficiency syndromes in apples are bitter pit and in tomatoes blossom end rot. 

Functions of magnesium: 

(a) Magnesium is an essential constituent of chlorophyll and so it is important for photosynthesis process.

(b) It regulates the activities of enzymes involved in the nucleic acids synthesis and metabolism of carbohydrates. 

(c) Magnesium aids in the movement of sugars and translocation of phosphorus in the plants. 

Deficiency of magnesium: 

(a) Deficiency symptoms are observed in the plants with less than 0.1 % Mg. 

(b) Magnesium deficient plants lack vigour and they are normally stunted. 

(c) The older leaves exhibit the deficiency symptoms as magnesium is mobile in plants. Inter-veinal chlorosis followed by purple lesions within the chlorotic tissues is observed. As deficiency advances, the veins too become chlorotic and the leaves develop pale colour. The purple lesions turn brown or red. 

(d) Premature leaf abscission is observed in the deficient plants. 

(e) In cotton, the lower leaves develop reddish purple color and finally necrosis occurs (Reddening of leaves). 

(f) In Brassica, the lower leaves exhibit chlorosis with inter-veinal mottling. This condition is called puckering.  

Rearing different animals and obtaining various products from them for subsistence is the core of animal husbandry.

Sheep and goats survive on short grass, shrubs and acacia, grown in remote hilly areas away from urban settlements.

Pisciculture is also called fish farming in which fish seeds are released in the pond to achieve the best growth of fish.

The agricultural products get sold in local as well as international markets.

Some fruits and vegetables may have been produced using artificial chemicals, and pesticides for quicker production. Such fruits and vegetables are harmful to health.

(d) All of these 

Number of families for earthworm in world is 10 .

Mother of all Industries is  Agriculture.

It is located in Ranchi.

Indian economy is agriculture based economy. In India, almost 2/3 part of total agricultural land depends on monsoon for crop production. The chief characteristic of Indian monsoon is its irregularity and uncertainty. The rain, which is caused by south – west monsoon, is less and uncertain in some parts of the country.

While in some areas, it is non – stop, more than average and it creates floods while other regions experience drought. These situations change each year. This affects the Indian economy. Favorable monsoon status gives positive results, while unfavorable status gives negative result. Thus, ups and downs in economy are seen. So, Indian economy is called the gamble of monsoon.

These areas include Western Uttar Pradesh, Western Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh etc. which are areas of less rainfall.

In the beginning in India, traditional and food grains agriculture was being done. In last decades, due to green revolution, changes took place in agricultural methods. 

Following are the characteristics:

1. Priority of food grain crops. 

2. Small – sized land holdings. 

3. Dependence on monsoon. 

4. Less production per hectare.

India has the pride of being the birth place of sugarcane. Almost 35% of total agricultural area of sugarcane of the world is found in India. 60% of total sugarcane production of India is received from north India. 

Following are the chief sugarcane producing states:

1. Uttar Pradesh – 38.56% of total production of the country (2013 – 14). 

2. Maharashtra – 22.89% of total production of the country (2013 – 14). 

3. Tamil Nadu – 10.68% of total production of the country. 

4. Other states – Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Bihar, Odisha and Madhya Pradesh.

The farming in which more rainfall is received than the crops needed is called wet farming.

In India; Maharashtra has first place in the production of fruits.

Fruits producing major states in Southern region are Maharashtra, Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh. Mango, Orange, Banana, Lemon, Pomegranate, Dates, Grapes, Berries, Papaya, Guava, Fig, etc. are produced.

In coastal regions of peninsular India, Coconut, Banana, Mango, Papaya, Orange, etc. fruits are produced.

In the North – Eastern states, West Bengal, Jharkand, Bihar, Eastern Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha etc. states are included. Here, Mango, Banana, Guava, Lichi, Pear, Pineapple, Chiku, Papaya, etc. fruits are grown.

In mountainous temperate zone, valleys of Srinagar, Kullu, Mountains of Kumaun, Himachal Pradesh, etc. all are included. Here, Apple, Grapes, Pear, Lichi, Fig, Plum, Almond, Walnut, Peach, Apricot, Strawberry etc. fruits are produced.

In Pea production, India is at first place in the world.

In India, West Bengal has first place in the production of vegetables.

Rank of India in the world is second in the production of fruits and vegetables.

It started first in California (U.S.A) and afterwards it began in North West Europe’s Britain, Belgium, Germany and Denmark of North West Europe.

'Slash and burn' agriculture in north-Eastern states of India.

The shifting agriculture is the primitive subsistence farming which has been practised in olden times. This is also known as slash and burn agriculture and this type of agriculture has different names in different countries that is the northern part of India it is known as Jhumming, Milpa in Mexico and Central America, Canvuo in Venezuela, Roca in Brazil, Masole in Central Africa, Ladang in Indonesia and Ray in Vietnam. 

In India, itself it is known in different as India is diversified country. It is the form of agriculture; the farmers cultivate the crops from the farming land which is sustained for the family. After the cultivation when the soil fertility decreases then burns the patch of farming land and shifts to another patch of land for cultivating. 

This burning will produce the ash in the land itself which will be used by the land as manure and this ash helps the land to replenish the soil fertility. This is the natural way of replenishing the soil fertility of land without using the chemical fertilizers. After restoring the fertility of the land the farmer will again start to cultivate in the same patch of land.

The following are the five features of Indian agriculture. 

• Indian agriculture is mainly of intensive subsistence type.
• It is mainly practiced in areas of high population pressure on land. 
• It is labour-intensive farming, where high doses of biochemical inputs and irrigation are used for obtaining high yields. 
• Farmers continue to take maximum output from the limited land in the absence of alternate source of livelihood, which leads to enormous pressure on agricultural land. 
• The right of inheritance has led to division of land among successive generations and rendered the size of land holding uneconomical. 

The movement of the Bhoodan- Gramdan was initiated by the Vinoba Bhave. The idea of this movement was started when Vinoba Bhave was leading the Gandhiji's Padyatra in Andhra Pradesh. In the speech of Vinoba Bhave in Andhra Pradesh he came to know the problems faced by the rural landless farmers, therefore after this raised the issue in front of the government. 

Immediately Shri Ram Chandra Reddy stood up and offered 80 acres of land to 80 landless farmers. After that many zamindars started offering the land and this was known as Bhoodan. When he tried to take this idea to entire India this was known as Gramdan where many villagers started offering the land for the redistribution.

Some of the zamindars were offering the land because of fear of the land ceiling act which was introduced by the government of India. This movement of offering the land to the poor landless farmers was known as Bhoodan-Gramdan movement led by Vinoba Bhave. This movement is also known as Blood-less Revolution.

The five features of Indian agriculture are: 

a. Indian agriculture is mainly intensive subsistence in character. It means that it is a labour intensive type of farming, practiced on areas with a high population pressure on land. 

b. India has three cropping seasons- rabi, kharif and zaid. 

c. The major crops grown in India are rice, wheat, tea, coffee, sugarcane, millets etc. 

d. It provides a livelihood to around 60% of the Indian population. 

e. The Government of India has made many efforts for the development of agriculture. 

For example:- 

1. Horticulture development 

2. Animal breeding center 

3. Research and development in the weather forecast 

4. Introduced the concept of minimum support price and procurement prices 

5. Provision for Crop Insurance 

6. Establishment of Grameen Bank 

7. Kisan credit card and personal accident insurance schemes are introduced 

8. Special Weather bulletin for farmers

Agriculture and industry are complementary to each other in the following manner: 

a. There are various industries which require the inputs from the agricultural sector. For example, the cotton textile industry requires cotton from the agricultural sector.

b. Agriculture sector requires various input for its modernization which are provided by the industrial sector. For example, insecticides, pesticides, PVC pipes, irrigation systems etc. 

c. The agriculture sector provides a market to the industrial sector's goods. The consumer the products produced by the industries such as clothes, television etc 

d. The excess labour from the agricultural sector gets absorbed in the industrial sector. 

e. The agriculture sector provide the food grains the labours employed in the industrial sector to keep them healthy and making them productive.

Basis of difference: 

Wheat and rice farming in India are fairly different from each other in the following way: 

1. Rice is the staple food crop of the majority of the population of India and wheat is the second most important cereal crop. 

2. Rice is a tropical crop and grows best in the best monsoon season. Wheat is a Rabi crop and requires Alluvial soil and black soil for its growth. 

3. The temperature required for the farming of rice is above 250 degree Celsius with a high degree of humidity. Wheat is grown in a cool season accompanied with bright sunshine at the time of ripening. 

4. Rice required an annual rainfall above 100 cm. It requires heavy rainfall in summer and during less rainfall, the need can be fulilled by irrigation. Wheat requires 50 to 75 cm of annual rainfall which should be spread evenly over the growing season. 

5. Rice is grown in the plains of north and North Eastern India, the coastal region and Delta region. Wheat grows in the Ganga Sutlej plain in the Northwest and the black soil area of Deccan.