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The correct answer is (b) SUCROSE

To explain: INVERTASE is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis (breakdown) of sucrose. The resulting mixture of fructose and glucose is called inverted sugar SYRUP. For industrial use, invertase is usually derived from yeast. The inducer compounds are expensive and their handling (sterilization, addition at specific TIME) ALSO is quite difficult.

The correct option is (a) True

Explanation: FACULTATIVE autotrophs normally grow under autotrophic conditions; however, they can grow under HETEROTROPHIC conditions in the absence of CO2 and INORGANIC ENERGY sources.

Correct choice is (a) Boron

Easy explanation: Boron (B) is a micronutrient critical to the growth and health of all crops. It is a COMPONENT of plant cell walls and reproductive structures. It is a mobile nutrient within the soil, meaning it is prone to MOVEMENT within the soil. Because it is REQUIRED in small amounts, it is important to deliver B as evenly as possible across the field. Boron plays a key role in a diverse range of plant functions including cell wall formation and stability, maintenance of structural and functional integrity of biological membranes, movement of SUGAR or energy into growing parts of plants, and pollination and seed set. Adequate B is also required for EFFECTIVE nitrogen fixation and nodulation in legume crops.

Right option is (a) True

The best explanation: VIRUSES with a LIPOPROTEIN sheath may CONTAIN 25% lipid. Composition as a dry weight % INCLUDES <1.

Right option is (c) FUNGAL ENZYME

Explanation: Microbial enzymes have been utilized for many centuries WITHOUT knowing them fully. The FIRST enzyme produced industrially was taka-diastase (a fungal AMYLASE) in 1896, in United States. It was used as a pharmaceutical agent to cure digestive disorders.

Correct answer is (C) To choose appropriate microorganisms for the DESIRED enzyme

For explanation I would say: Screening is one of the KEY optimization parameters to understand the DYNAMICS of the process, ALLOWING for rapid understanding and enhancement of process conditions by analyzing culture metabolic rates and metabolites.

Correct choice is (b) Phosphorus

Easy explanation: The MAIN role of potassium is to provide the ionic environment for METABOLIC processes in the cytosol, and as such functions as a REGULATOR of various processes including growth regulation. Plants require potassium ions (K^+) for protein SYNTHESIS and for the opening and closing of stomata, which is regulated by proton pumps to make surrounding guard cells either turgid or flaccid. Phosphorus constitutes about 3% of cell DRY weight and is present in nucleic acids and in the cell wall of some gram-positive bacteria such as teichoic acids. Phosphorus is a key element in the regulation of cell metabolism.

Right option is (b) It is produced through fermentation

Best explanation: Single-cell proteins develop when microbes FERMENT waste MATERIALS (including wood, straw, cannery, and food-processing wastes, residues from alcohol production, hydrocarbons, or human and animal excreta). The problem with extracting single-cell proteins from the wastes is the dilution and cost. They are found in very low concentrations, usually less than 5%. Engineers have developed ways to increase the concentrations including centrifugation, flotation, precipitation, coagulation, and filtration, or the USE of semi-permeable membranes.

Correct answer is (b) False

For explanation: PROCESS development is typically performed after GENETIC modification of the SOURCE organism, and involves the modification of the culture medium and GROWTH conditions. In many cases, process development aims to reduce mRNA hydrolysis and PROTEOLYSIS.

The correct choice is (b) SUBMERGED FERMENTATION

The best explanation: Submerged fermentation is a method of manufacturing biomolecules in which enzymes and other reactive compounds are submerged in a LIQUID such as alcohol, oil or a NUTRIENT broth. The process is used for a variety of PURPOSES, mostly in industrial manufacturing.

Right answer is (c) GREATER than 10 ^-4 M

For explanation I would say: Macronutrients are needed in concentrations larger than 10^-4 M. Carbon, nitrogen, OXYGEN, hydrogen, SULFUR, phosphorus, Mg^2+, and K^+ are MAJOR macronutrients.

Right OPTION is (d) Bacillus coagulans

Easy EXPLANATION: A process in which a MUTANT atypical Bacillus coagulans strain is cultivated in a growth medium free of xylose. The invention RELATES to glucose ISOMERASE, to methods for the production of this enzyme and to enzymatic isomerization of glucose to fructose with glucose isomerase.

The correct option is (c) CALORIES

Best explanation: A CALORIE is a unit that is USED to measure ENERGY. The Calorie you see on a food package is actually a kilocalorie, or 1,000 calories. A Calorie (kcal) is the amount of energy needed to RAISE the temperature of 1 kilogram of water 1 degree Celsius.

Right answer is (B) Mg^2+

Easiest explanation: Magnesium, SERVES as a structural component and is involved as a cofactor in many ENZYMATIC reactions. Magnesium is a component of the CHLOROPHYLL structure. Magnesium is required to maintain ribosome integrity. Ribosomes SPECIFICALLY require Mg^2+ ions.

The correct answer is (a) MANGANESE and chloride

The best I can explain: Water splitting is catalyzed by the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) of protein complex photosystem II (PSII), producing dioxygen gas, protons and electrons. O (2) is released into the atmosphere, sustaining all aerobic life on earth; PRODUCT protons are released into the thylakoid lumen, augmenting a proton concentration GRADIENT across the MEMBRANE; and photo-energized electrons pass to the rest of the electron-transfer PATHWAY. The OEC contains four manganese ions, one calcium ion and (almost certainly) a chloride ion.

The correct option is (c) Cellulose

The best EXPLANATION: Cellulose is a very important polysaccharide because it is the most abundant organic COMPOUND on earth. Cellulose is a major component of tough cell walls that surround plant CELLS, and is what makes plant stems, leaves, and BRANCHES so STRONG.

Correct answer is (c) Sodium calcium edentate

The explanation: A specific SALT of EDTA, known as sodium calcium edetate, is used to BIND metal ions in the practice of CHELATION therapy, e.g., for treating mercury and lead poisoning. It is used in a similar MANNER to remove excess iron from the body. EDTA is a chelating agent and a chelating agent is a substance whose molecules can FORM several bonds to a single metal ion. In other words, a chelating agent is a multidentate ligand.

The correct choice is (a) True

To ELABORATE: In some CASES, it may be more advantageous to use inactive (dead or resting) CELLS with the desired ENZYME activity in IMMOBILIZED form. This approach eliminates costly enzyme separation and purification steps and is therefore economically more feasible.

Right choice is (d) Mg^2+

To elaborate: Elements used in LARGE quantities by the plant are termed macronutrients, which can be further defined as primary or secondary.The primary nutrients include NITROGEN (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K).These elements contribute to plant nutrient content, function of plant enzymes and biochemical processes, and integrity of plant cells.Deficiency of these nutrients contributes to reduced plant growth, health, and yield; thus they are the three most important nutrients supplied by fertilizers.The secondary nutrients include calcium (Ca), MAGNESIUM (Mg), and sulfur (S).

The CORRECT choice is (c) BIOFUEL industry

For explanation I would SAY: Cellulase is used in biofuel industry and its application is class of enzymes that degrade CELLULOSE to GLUCOSE monomers.

Right answer is (c) CONCENTRATION and PRIMARY purification of enzymes

To explain: Downstream processes are those that contribute to separation or purification of enzymes. Depending on the intended use of the enzyme, different levels PURITY is required. For EXAMPLE, enzymes used for diagnostic purposes must be separated to a higher purity than bulk industrial enzymes to prevent catalytic activity that provides erroneous results.

Right option is (c) BOMB calorimeter

To explain: Complex organic food MOLECULES such as sugars, fats, and proteins are rich sources of ENERGY for CELLS because much of the energy used to form these molecules is literally stored within the chemical bonds that hold them TOGETHER. Scientists can measure the amount of energy stored in foods using a device called a bomb calorimeter. With this technique, food is placed inside the calorimeter and heated until it burns. The excess heat released by the reaction is directly proportional to the amount of energy contained in the food.