Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in .

Species become endangered, as their survival has become difficult because of disturbance in their habitat.

If we cut down the trees, then that region will have less rainfall, more floods and humidity would reduce. This would reduce the ground water level of that region.

The plants typically belonging to a particular area are called flora.

The animals typically belonging to a particular area are called fauna.

1. Red Data Book
2. extinct
3. biodiversity
4. 34

Aims of conservation:

1. To preserve the quality of environment, i.e., maintain pollution free environment.
2. To ensure a continuous yield of useful plants, animals and materials for generations to come.

Indrok is Endangered species.

National parks: National Park is an area strictly reserved for the betterment of wildlife and where activities like Forestry, grazing, or cultivation are not permitted. No private ownership is allowed. There are 89 national parks in India. Notable among them Gir National Park for Asiatic lions, Kaziranga National Park for rhinoceros, Corbett National Park tigers and Kanha National Park for Tigers.
Sanctuary: It provides protection to fauna only. Operations like harvesting of timber, collection of minor forest products, and private ownership rights are permitted as long as they do not interfere with the well-being of animals.

The four types of animal and plant species which are categorised by International Union of Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in following classes:

1. extinct species
2. extinct in natural habitat
3. endangered species
4. endemic species

(c) endemic species

Bio-diversity of cows in Rajasthan

1. Kankrej: These breeds are found in Barmer, Pali and Jalore district. On the average they are tall and strong, broad chest, straight back, black small tail are some of the feature of this species. They are liked by the farmers because they walk fast and can handle load.
2. Malvi: These are famous as they are found in Jhalawar’s Malvi region. Their back is straight, colour is light built is stiff and small legs, broad chest, small sharp ears and ankle touching tail is speciality of these species.
3. Rathi: These cows give large quantity of milk. This is a mix breed of Sahiwala, Lai Sindhi and Haryana breed. T
4. his is almond colour and spotted. These species are counted in the best cows of India. These cows gives 25 to 30 pound of milk. Their tail is long and stomach is big. These species bull are weighted.
5. Nagauri: Nagauri bulls are favourite for agricultural activities and are very fit. Nagauri species originated from Nagaur district Sohalak region, long fit body, strong neck, average horns, long ears, thin leg, small tail are the specialities of these species.

The animals that can live only in a particular region are called region specific animals. Snow leopard, dolphins are region specific animals.

(a) Endangered

(d) entire ecosystem

(b) migration

(c) Endemic species

Biosphere Reserve is a protected area developed to conserve biodiversity. 

Following are the objectives of biosphere reserve:

(a) To conserve biodiversity and integrity of plants, animals and microorganisms.
(b) To educate, train and create awareness about environment aspects and ecofriendly living.

(a) Droughts
(b) Forest fire.

The Wildlife (Protection) Act was passed by the government of India in 1972.

Forests are Biosphere Reserves.

(b) threatened species

(a) endangered

1. We do not waste paper, and write on both sides of the paper; this will reduce the consumption of paper.
2. Paper is recycled; paper can be recycled five to seven times for use; recycling of paper is a good alternative. This not only saves trees but also saves energy and water needed for manufacturing paper. Another advantage is that the use of harmful chemicals in paper making is also reduced. Deforestation can be overcome by reforestation. The objective of reforestation is to regenerate the destroyed forest by planting new trees.

In India, we have the following acts aimed at:

1. Preservation and conservation of forests, and
2. to meet the basic needs of the people living in and around the forest areas.
   (a) Forest (Conservation) Act, 1927.
   (b) Wild (Protection) Act, 1972 (amended in 1991).

(a) Difference between wildlife sanctuary and biosphere reserve.

(b) Difference between zoo and wildlife sanctuary.

(c) Difference between endangered and extinct species

(d) Difference between flora and fauna

Species of plants and animals that have vanished from earth forever are called Extinct.

The plants and animal species found in a particular area are called the biodiversity of that area.

(d) all of the above

The Government of India passed the Wildlife Protection Act in 1972. Hunting has been completely banned, and National Parks, Sanctuaries and Biosphere Reserves have been set up by the government as steps towards conserving biodiversity. National parks: These are protective areas reserved exclusively for preserving the flora and fauna, landscape and buildings, i.e., the entire ecosystem, and monuments of historic importance of an area. In these areas grazing and cultivation are not permitted. There are some 92 national parks in our country.

Wildlife Sanctuaries: These provide protection and suitable condition for wild animals to flourish. These are areas where hunting is not allowed at all. Animals which are on the verge of extinction are protected here. Private ownership rights are permitted only to such an extent that the animals are not harmed. There are about 492 Wildlife sanctuaries in our country. Biosphere Reserves: A biosphere reserve is a specified area in which multiple use of land is permitted to preserve the biodiversity. The reserves also preserve traditional life of people. These reserves have been set up recently by ‘man and biosphere’ (MAB) programme of the UNESCO. There are 243 biosphere Reserves in our country which mainly conserve the biodiversity of the specific areas and provide protected areas for ecological and environmental research.

The Government of India passed the Wildlife Protection Act in 1972. Hunting has been completely banned, and National Parks, Sanctuaries and Biosphere Reserves have been set up by the government as steps towards conserving biodiversity. National parks These are protected areas reserved exclusively for preserving the flora and fauna, landscape and buildings, i.e., the entire ecosystem, and monuments of historic importance of an area. In these areas grazing and cultivation are not permitted. There are some 92 National Parks in our country. Wildlife sanctuaries These provide protection and suitable conditions for wild animals to flourish. These are areas where hunting is not allowed at all.

Animals which are on the verge of extinction are protected here. Private ownership rights are permitted only to such an extent. The animals are not harmed. There are about 492 wildlife sanctuaries in our country. Biosphere Reserves A Biosphere Reserve is a specified area in which multiple uses of land is permitted for preserving the biodiversity. The reserves also preserve traditional life of people. These reserves have been set up recently by “man and biosphere’ (MAB) programme of the UNESCO. There are 243 biosphere reserves in our country which mainly .conserve the biodiversity of the specific areas and provide protected areas for ecological and environmental research.

Red Data Book has the record of all the endangered species. There are separate red data books for plants, animals and other species.

The plant or animal species of a particular area (zone), region or country is called endemic species.

Those geographical regions which are imporant and rich in biodiversity, as well as habitat for special species, are destroying due to selfish activities of man are called biodiversity hotspots.

(a) Insects  

(b) Molluscus.

As one moves from the equator to the polar regions, the length of the day decreases and the length of the night increases. The length of day and night are the same at the equator.

On the basis of availability of water plants, are classified into following classes:-

1. Hydrophytes 

2. Mesophytes 

3. Xerophytes 

4. Halophytes

Endangered (ER): It is facing a high risk of extinction in the wild in the near future if conservation measures are not promptly taken.

E.g., Red panda (Ailurus fulgens), Drosera indica.

1. The area in Antarctica region with a thin ozone layer is known as ozone hole.

2. CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons) which -are widely used as refrigerants disturb the balance between the production and degradation of ozone. 

3. Ultraviolet (UV) rays and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) release chlorine (Cl^- ) ions which act as catalyst in the degradation of ozone layer. 

4. Chloride ions also degrade the ozone layer. 

5. The degradation of ozone layer results in the depletion of ozone causing a hole in the ozone layer.

1. Montreal Protocol was an international treaty signed at Montreal in Canada in 1987. 

2. Later many more efforts have been made and protocols have laid down definite roadmaps separately for developing and developed countries. 

3. All these efforts were for reducing emission of CFCs and other ozone depleting chemicals.

4. All nations realized that ozone depletion can cause penetration of harmful UV radiations to the earth’s surface. This is very hazardous, for flora, fauna and for mainly human beings. Therefore, urgent action was needed to combat this effect. 

5. Montreal Protocol was a very positive move because after 1987, there have been much better condition of ozone layer.

Two personalities who have contributed to control deforestation in our country are: Saalumara Thimmakka from Karnataka and Moirangthem Loiya from Manipur. 

1. Saalumara Thimmakka :

• Saalumara Thimmakka is the best example of peoples’ participation in reforestation. 
• She is an Indian environmentalist from Karnataka. She has taken up work of planting and tending to 385 banyan trees along a 4 km stretch of highway between Hulikal and Kudur. Other 800 trees are also planted by her. 
• She is honoured with the National Citizens Award of India and Padma Shri in 2019.

2. Moirangthem Loiya :

• Moirangthem Loiya is from Manipur who has restored Punshilok forest. For last 17 years he is planting trees after leaving his job.
• He brought the lost glory back for the 300 acres forest land. He planted a variety of trees like, bamboo, oak Ficus, teak, jackfruit and Magnolia. 
• This forest now has over 250 varieties of plants including 25 varieties of bamboo along with many animals making the forest rich in biodiversity.

1. BS emission standards changed over the time due to changing city life and more vehicular traffic on the road, especially in the megacities. 

2. Since capital city of Delhi was declared as worst polluted city as far as its air quality is concerned, various measures were taken by the Government of India. There was new fuel policy declared, in which Bharat stage emission standards (BS) were set. 

3. These norms were set to reduce sulphur and aromatic content of petrol and diesel. Also the vehicular engines were upgraded. 

4. Bharat stage emission standards (BS) are standards which are equivalent to Euro norms and have evolved on similar lines as Bharat Stage II (BS II) to BS VI from 2001 to 2017. 

5. Since population of Delhi was to be saved, in 2001, Bharat stage II emission norms were set for CNG and LPG vehicles. 

6. This helped in reduced emission of sulphur which was controlled at 50 ppm in diesel and 150 ppm in petrol. Also aromatic hydrocarbons were reduced at 42% in concerned fuel according to norms. 

7. Because, in spite of all the efforts, Delhi was declared as worst air-polluted city in the world in 2016, therefore, Government of India directly adapted BS VI in the year 2018, skipping BS V These efforts decreased the levels of CO₂ and SO₂  in Delhi.

Beginning of 20th century - 30%

End of 20th century - 19.4% 

Recommendations were 33% for the plains and 67% for the hills (thus forest cover shrunk substantially).

Almost 40% tropical forests and 1% temperate forests are lost due to deforestation.

Correct option is (c) Eichhornia crassipes

When Government realised the importance of maintaining the cleanliness of the water bodies, the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act was passed in year 1974 to safeguard our water resources.

At Tirumala hills there are reverse osmosis units set up to recycle sewage water, which helps in solving the huge water demand.

Reforestation is the natural process of restoring a forest that once existed but was destroyed or removed at some time in past.

1. Ozone is a form of oxygen which is photo-dissociated and is generated by absorption of short wavelength UV radiations. 

2. Both generation and dissociation of ozone is in equilibrium. 

3. This is the equation which shows these conversions. 

O₃ → O₂ + [O] 

O₂ + [O] → UV RAYS → O₃

4. Therefore, there is steady concentration of ozone in the stratosphere.

1. Air pollutants affect the surfaces of the respiratory system of all living beings. Therefore, any type of air pollution affects the process of respiration and respiratory system. 

2. The concentration of pollutants decide the severity of damage caused to body. 

3. Duration of exposure and the type of the organism also decide the effects of air pollution. 

4. In plants, air pollution results in poor yield of crops and premature death of plants. 

5. Particulate pollutants are very harmful for human beings. Fine particulates which enter the depths of lungs are responsible for irritation, inflammation and damage to lungs. 

6. This causes breathing and respiratory disorders and premature deaths.

International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural resources.