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8151.

Question :What is an idiogram?

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SOLUTION : An idiogram is a DIAGRAM where chromosomes of the HAPLOID SET of an organism are ordered in a series ofdecreasing SIZE.
Discussion
8152.

Question : What is an epithelium? Enumerate the characteristic features of different epithelia.

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Solution :EPITHELIAL tissue is sheet of cells that covers the body surface or lines the body cavity.
1. Simple epithelium is single layered.
2.Squamous epithelium is MADE of flattened cells with irregular boundaries.
3. Columnar epithelium is made of column LIKE cells with round to oval nuclei at the base.
4. CILIATED epithelium has ciilia at the free end.
5.Compound epithelium is made of multi-layered cells.
Discussion
8153.

Question : Explain the types of simple epithelium.

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Solution :Simple epithelium is a simple layered sheet of cells that covers the body surface or lines the body cavity.
Types :
1. Squamous epithelium: It is MADE of flattened cells with irregular boundaries. It is found in glomeruli, air sacs of lungs, lining of heart, blood vessels.
Cuboidal epithelium: It is made of cube like cells. It is found in kidney tubules, ducts and glands. It is important for SECRETION and absorption.
3. Columnar epithelium: It is made of column like cells. It lines the digestive tract. It is important for secretion and absorption.
4. Ciliated epithelium: It has cilia at the free END. It is found in bronchi, uterine tubes. It is helpful in propelling materials.
5. Glandular epithelium: Cuboidal or columnar epithelium specialized for secretion is called glandular epithelium. E.g., goblet cells and salivary gland.
Compound epithelium:
1. Compound epithelium is made up of MULTILAYERED cells.
2. These protect organs against chemical and mechanical stresses.
3. These cover the dry surface of the skin, moist surface of the buccal cavity, pharynx, inner lining of ducts of salivary glands and pancreatic ducts.
Classification of Compound epithelium:
Discussion
8154.

Question : What is an embryoid ?

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Solution :Embryo-like structure FORMED from SOMATIC CELLS in vitro, MAY be called a somatic embryo
Discussion
8155.

Question : What is an average life span of erythrocytes?

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SOLUTION :About 120 DAYS .
Discussion
8156.

Question : What is an artificial kidney?

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Solution :It is a dialysing machine used to remove the small sized wastes LIKE urea, uric ACID, `K+`, `H+`, creatine, AMMONIUM salts, etc. from a patient suffering from acute renal failure.
Discussion
8157.

Question : What is an anti transpirant ? Give on example ?

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SOLUTION :The term antitranspirantis used to DESIGNATE any material applied to plants for the purpose of retarding transpiraton. An IDEAL antitranspirantchecks the transpiration PROCESS without DISTURBING the process of gaseous exchange.
Discussion
8158.

Question : What is an ‘endarch’ arrangement? Which one out of the root and stem shows this arrangement?

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SOLUTION :Protoxylem LIES towards the PITH, in STEM
Discussion
8159.

Question : What is amphibolic process ?

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Solution :KREBS. CYCLE is a type of AMPHIBOLIC process in which number of intermediates of Krebs. cycle are used in ANABOLIC PATHWAYS.
Discussion
8160.

Question : What is amoeboid movement ?

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Solution :The MOVEMENT of cells by streaming movements of the CYTOPLASM forming pseudo-podia is KNOWN as amoeboid movement. e.g., MACROPHAGES.
Discussion
8161.

Question : What is amber ?

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Solution :AMBER is a plant SECRETION that is a EFFICIENT preservative that doesn't get degraded and hence can preserve REMAINS of extinct life forms. The amber is produced by Pinites succinifera, a Gymnosperm.
Discussion
8162.

Question : What is alternation of generations in plants ?

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Solution :Alternation of GENERATION is COMMON in all plants.
Alternation of the haploid gametophytic phase (N) with diploid sporophytic phase (2n) during the life cycle is called alternation of generation.
Discussion
8163.

Question : What is algin ?

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SOLUTION :It is a crystalline powder EXTRACTED from the outer cell WALLS of kelps ( giant BROWN algae ).
Discussion
8164.

Question : What is advantage of fluid-mosaic model over other models of plasma membrane?

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SOLUTION :(i) It explains quasifluid state of plasma membrane,
(ii) Differentiates two TYPES of proteins,
(III) Explains FUNCTIONAL specificity and VARIABILITY in the two surfaces of plasma membrane.
Discussion
8165.

Question : What is agar agar?

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Solution :Agar is non - nitrogenous GEL like substance obtained from red ALDA Gelidium .
Discussion
8166.

Question : What is adaptive radiation ?

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SOLUTION :The evolutionary process which produces new species diverged from a single ancestral FORM becomes ADAPTED to a newly invaded habital is called adaptive radiation.
EG. DARWIN finches and Australian marsupials.
Discussion
8167.

Question : What is acute renal failure?

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SOLUTION :Reversible deterioration of renal functioning which may cause accumulation of toxic wastes like UREA LEADING to DISEASE URAEMIA.
Discussion
8168.

Question : What is active transport? Give one example of active transport

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Solution :Active TRANSPORT is a SELECTIVE and unidirectional movements of ions of molecules from lower concentration to HIGHER concentration through a cell membrane in the presence of ENERGY e.g. ABSORPTION of amino acids.
Discussion
8169.

Question : What is active glucose

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NAD-glucose
Phosphoglucose
Glycerophosphate

Solution :N//A
Discussion
8170.

Question : What is active absorption of water?

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SOLUTION :ACTIVE aborption of WATER takes place due to UTILIZATION of ENERGY. It may be osmotic or non-osmotic.
Discussion
8171.

Question : What is accretion ?

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SOLUTION :GROWTH by deposition of MATERIALS on the existing ones as secondary WALL is laid down internal to primary wall.
Discussion
8172.

Question : Gigantism and acromegaly are due to

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Solution :Hypersecretion of growth HORMONE (GH) after ADOLESCENCE.
Discussion
8173.

Question :What is accommodation?

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Solution :The ability of the eyes to focus OBJECTS at varying DISTANCES is called ACCOMMODATION.
Discussion
8174.

Question : What is a Zwitterion ? Or what is an isoelectronic point?

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Solution :A zwitterion also CALLED as dipolar ion, is a molecule with two or more functional groups, of which at least one has a positive and other has a negative electrical CHARGE and the NEW charge of the entire molecule is zero. The pH at which this happens is KNOWN as the isoelectric POINT.
Discussion
8175.

Question : What is a trichome ?

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SOLUTION :A Nostoc FILAMENT with MUCILAGE is CALLED a trichome.
Discussion
8176.

Question : What is a tonoplast ?

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OUTER membrane of mitochondria
Inner membrane of CHLOROPLAST
Membrane boundary of the VACUOLE of PLANT CELLS
Cell membrane of a plant cell

Solution : Membrane boundary of the vacuole of plant cells
Discussion
8177.

Question : What is a tissue ?

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Solution :A group of STRUCTURALLY SIMILAR cells of commonembryonic origin and PERFORMING the same FUNCTION.
Discussion
8178.

Question : What is a synapse? How does the nerve impulse cross the chemical synapse?

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Solution :Junction between the TWO neurons. Neurotransmitters are involved in the transmission of IMPULSE through CHEMICAL synapses.
Discussion
8179.

Question : What is a threshold stimulus?

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SOLUTION :Minimum STRENGTH of stimulus required for CONTRACTION of a muscle FIBRE.
Discussion
8180.

Question : What is a telomere ?

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Solution :TELOMERE is the TERMINAL part of chromosome. It offers stability to the chromosome. DNA of the telomere has specific SEQUENCE of NUCLEOTIDES.
Discussion
8181.

Question : What is a symbiotic relationship of fungi with plant roots known as?

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SOLUTION :MYCORRHIZA.
Discussion
8182.

Question : What is a symbiotic relationship of an alga and fungi known as?

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SOLUTION :LICHEN.
Discussion
8183.

Question : What is a staminode? Give example.

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SOLUTION :STERILE STAMEN is CALLED staminode. e.g. Cassia.
Discussion
8184.

Question : What is a sporangiophore?

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Solution :These are vertical HYPHAE that havesporangium at the TIP containing SPORES.
Discussion
8185.

Question : What is a sessile flower?

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Solution :A FLOWER without a pedicel or STALK is SAID to be SESSILE flower.
Discussion
8186.

Question : What is a sarcomere?

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SOLUTION :An AREA between TWO 2 LINES.
Discussion
8187.

Question : What is a pseudobulb ?

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SOLUTION :Pseudobulb is a SHORT erect acrial STORAGE or propagating stem of certain epiphytic and terrestrial SYMPODIAL orchids. e.g. Bulbophyllum.
Discussion
8188.

Question : What is a protoplast ?

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SOLUTION :Entire PROTOPLASM (cell membrane, CYTOPLASM with all organelles, and NUCLEUS) of a cell.
Discussion
8189.

Question : What is a pore complex?

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Solution :The PORES are enclosed by circular STRUCTURES called annuli. The pore and annuli FORMS the pore complex.
Discussion
8190.

Question : What is a Parthenocarpic fruit?

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SOLUTION :The seedless FRUIT formed WITHOUT fertilization are called as parthenocarpic fruit.
Discussion
8191.

Question : What is a nucleoside?

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SOLUTION :A purine or a PYRIMIDINE and a ribose or deoxyribose sugar is called NUCLEOSIDE. A nitrogenous base is linked to PENTOSE sugar through n-glycosidic linkage and FORMS a nucleoside.
Discussion
8192.

Question : What is a nucleotide?

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SOLUTION :When a phosphate group is ATTACHED to a NUCLEOSIDE it is called a NUCLEOTIDE.
Discussion
8193.

Question : What is a myogenic heart?

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Solution :The ORIGIN of heartbeat is by SPECIALISED GROUP of MUSCLE FIBRES.
Discussion
8194.

Question : What is a monograph ?

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Solution :A monograph CONTAIN information on any one taxon. Monographs revise all known species WITHIN a group, add any newly discovered species, collect and organise AVAILABLE information on the ecological association, geographic distributions and morphological variations within the group.
The FIRST ever monograph of a plant taxon was given in ROBERT Morisen (1672) plantarum Umbelliferearum Distribution Nova.
Discussion
8195.

Question : Whatis a monograph ?

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Solution :Monograph is a specialist work of writing or information on a particular taxon, i.e., family or genus or on aspect of subject, usually by a SINGLE AUTHOR. Main purpose of monograph is to present primary research and original work and THUS is non-serial publication, complete in ONE book (volume) of a FINITE number of volumes.
Discussion
8196.

Question : Which is mixed nerve ?

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Solution : A nerve which contains both SENSORY (afferent) and MOTOR (EFFERENT ) FIBRES is called a mixed nerve.
Discussion
8197.

Question : What is a mesosome in a prokaryotic cell ? Mention the functions that it performs.

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Solution :A SPECIAL membranous structure is the mesosome which is FORMED by the extensions of plasma membrane into the CELL. These extensions are in the FORM of vesicles, TUBULES and lamellae. They help in cell wall formation, DNA replication and distribution to daughter cells. They also help in respiration, secretion processes.
Discussion
8198.

Question : What is metaphysis?

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SOLUTION :The bone REGION where the DIAPHYSIS and epiphyses meet is called the METAPHYSIS.
Discussion
8199.

Question : What is a mesosomes in a prokaryotic cell ? Mention the functions that it performs.

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Solution :mesosomes are the infolds of cell membrane in CERTAIN PROKARYOTIC CELLS (some bacteria, e.g.., BACILLUS subtilis). Mesosomes bear RESPIRATORY enzymes.
Discussion
8200.

Question :What is a mesosome in a prokaryotic cell? Mention the functions that it performs.

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Solution :MESOSOMES are EXTENSIONS of the PLASMA membrane, and are the reservoirs of RESPIRATORY enzymes. Mesosomes are also involved in cell wall synthesis and are necessary for cross wall FORMATION during cell division.
Discussion