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8701.

Question : What are Exteroceptors?

Answer»

Solution :EXTEROCEPTORS are LOCATED at or near the surface of the body. These are SENSITIVE to external stimuli and RECEIVE sensory impulses for hearing, vision, touch, TASTE and smell.
Discussion
8702.

Question :What are exotic fishes?

Answer»

Solution :Exotic FISHES
The fishes imported into a country for fish culture are CALLED exotic fishes and such fish culture is known as exotic fish culture. Examples of such exotic fishes INTRODUCED in India are Cyprinus carpio and Oreochromis mossambicus.
Discussion
8703.

Question : What are exocrine glands? Name the secretions of any two exocrine glands.

Answer»

Solution : (i) Glands with DUCTS
(ii) Pancreas – pancreatic juice, SALIVARY glands – SALIVA (salivary AMYLASE)
Discussion
8704.

Question : What are exocrine glands ?

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SOLUTION :GLANDS which DISCHARGE their SECRETIONS into DUCTS.
Discussion
8705.

Question : What are eukaryotes ? Cite a few examples.

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SOLUTION :ORGANISMS withan organized nucleus, AMOEBA, plants.
Discussion
8706.

Question : What are eucoelomates?

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Solution :EUCOELOMATES are the animals which have true coelom that DEVELOPS with the MESODERM and is lined by mesodermal epithelium CALLED PERITONIUM.
Discussion
8707.

Question : What are enzymes involved in phosphorylation and dephosphorylation reaction in EMP pathway ?

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SOLUTION :In EMP PATHWAY , enzymes involved in phosphorylation are (a) Hexokinase and (B) Phosphofructokinase .
Enzymes involved in dephosphosphorylation are (a) Phosphoglycerate kinase and (b) Pyruvate kinase.
Discussion
8708.

Question : What are endospores? Give examples.

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SOLUTION :Endospores are THICK WALLED resting SPORES developed by bacteria during UNFAVOURABLE condition. E.g. Clostridium tetani produces endospores.
Discussion
8709.

Question : What are enidocytes or cnidoblasts or nematocysts?

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Solution :The STINGING CELLS found on the tentacles of CNIDARIANS are called cnidocytes or CNIDOBLASTS or nematocysts. They are USEFUL for anchorage, defense and capturing prey.
Discussion
8710.

Question : What are Endospores?

Answer»

Solution :ENDOSPORES are THICK walled resting SPORES developed by bacteria during UNFAVOURABLE condition. E.g. CLOSTRIDIUM tetani produces endospores.
Discussion
8711.

Question : What are endemic species of earthworm?

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Solution :The native SPECIES of earthworms CULTURED in India for vermicomposting such as Periyonyx excavatus, LAMPITO mauritii, Octochaetona SERRATA are endemic species. Some earthworm species introduced from other COUNTRIES such as Eisenia fetida, Eudrilus eugeniae are exotic species.
Discussion
8712.

Question : What are elaters ?

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Solution :They are seen in the SPOROPHYTES of BRYOPHYTES LIKE MARCHANTIA and HELP in dispersal of spores.
Discussion
8713.

Question : What are ecological equivalents ? Give one example.

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SOLUTION :SPECIES that occupy the same niche in different geographical REGIONS, are termed'ecological EQUIVALENTS'.
Discussion
8714.

Question : What are earthworm casts?

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Solution :The UNDIGESTED particles of food ALONG with EARTH passed out through the anus of the carthworm are called worm CASTING
Discussion
8715.

Question : What are Diplosomes?

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SOLUTION :Another NAME for CENTRIOLES as in they occur the FORM of two granules.
Discussion
8716.

Question : What are dorsiventral leaves ? Give an example.

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SOLUTION :In doriventral leaves the mesophyll is differentiated into palisade and spongy PARENCHYMA the FORMER occurring on the UPPER side and LATER on the lower side. Example : Sunflower.
Discussion
8717.

Question : What is diploblastic animals?

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SOLUTION :The animals in which the cells are arranged in two EMBRYONIC LAYERS, the ectoderm and endoderm are called diploblastic animals.
Discussion
8718.

Question : What are dimorpohic leaves ?

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Solution :PRESENCE of two TYPES of LEAVES i.e. foliage and SCALE leaves e.g. Pinus.
Discussion
8719.

Question : What are digestive organs ? Describe various parts of human digestive system

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SOLUTION :The ORGANS taking part in ingestion of FOOD, digestion, absorption and egestion are called digestive organs.
For e.g, mouth, tongue, teeth, pharynx, alimentary CANAL, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus.
Digestive organs include some subsidiary glands like saliva, liver and pancreas.
The SYSTEM formed by co-ordination of all these organs is called digestive system.
Discussion
8720.

Question : What are dictyosomes?

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Solution :In plant CELLS, the GOLGI bodies are found as SMALL VESICLES which are called as dictyosomes.
Discussion
8721.

Question : What are Dicotyledons.

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SOLUTION :1. seeds of DICOTYLEDONOUS plants contain two cotyledons.
2.Leaves show RETICULATE venation.
3.Flowers are tetramerous or PENTAMEROUS.
Discussion
8722.

Question : What are desmosomes ?

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Solution :They are DENSE disc like STRUCTURES on the cytoplamic side of PLASMA MEMBRANE. They serve the anchoring FUNCTION.
Discussion
8723.

Question : What are derived fats? Give two examples.

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Solution :Derived fats are compounds formed by partial HYDROLYSIS of LIPIDS or compounds having fat-like PROPERTIES e.g, fatty acids, STEROIDS, ETC.
Discussion
8724.

Question : What are deficiency symptoms of molybdenum in lemon leaf?

Answer»

SOLUTION :CURLED MARGINS, MARGINAL NECROSIS.
Discussion
8725.

Question : What are cytosketetal structures?

Answer»

SOLUTION :MICROTUBULES, microfilaments INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS and ER
Discussion
8726.

Question : What does cyanophages mean? Who reported it?

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Solution :VIRUSES infecting BLUE green algae are CALLED Cyanophage and are first REPORTED by Safferman and Morris in the year 1963.
Discussion
8727.

Question : What are ctenidia?

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SOLUTION :The feather like gills of MOLLUSCS are called CTENIDIA.
Discussion
8728.

Question : What are cryptogam? Mention its division.

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SOLUTION :Cryptogams are non-flowering or non-seed producing PLANTS. It has been divided into ALGAE, BRYOPHYTES and PTERIDOPHYTES.
Discussion
8729.

Question : What are creepers? Give example.

Answer»

Solution :CREEPERS are plants GROWING horizontally closer to the ground and produces roots at each NODE. EG., OXALIS.
Discussion
8730.

Question : What are Cranial nerves?

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SOLUTION :The 12 PAIRS of nerves which arise from the BRAIN are called cranial nerves.
Discussion
8731.

Question : Corpora quadrigemina

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Solution :The dorsal portion of the MID brain consists of four rounded bodies called corpora QUADRIGEMINA. It acts as a reflex CENTRE for vision and hearing.
Discussion
8732.

Question : What are corolloidroots ?

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Solution :1. The LATERAL ROOTS of cycas give rise to vertical branches under the SOIL.
2. They branch repeatedly to form dichotomously branched coral -like roots called corolloid roots.
4. It contains BLUE green algae , Anabaena which helps in Nitrogen FIXATION.
Discussion
8733.

Question : What are cork cells? Where are they present?

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Solution :Cork cells are present as the PERIPHERAL (OUTER) waterproof TISSUES in older mature woody STEMS.
Discussion
8734.

Question : What are coralloid roots ?

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Solution :CORALLOID ROOTS are irregular negatively GEOTROPIC dichotomously branched coral like . Root hairs and root CAPS are ABSENT on coralloid roots .
Discussion
8735.

Question : What are coprophilic fungi?

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SOLUTION :Fungi growing on DUNG are CALLED coprophilous fungi. Example : Pilobolus.
Discussion
8736.

Question : What are coprolites ?

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Solution :HARDENED FAECAL matter are termed coprolites and OCCURS as tiny pellets. Analysis of coprolites ENABLES us to understand the nature of diet, on which the prehistoric ANIMALS thrived.
Discussion
8737.

Question : What are connecting links?

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SOLUTION :ORGANISM having two characters of two different GROUPS e.g. PERIPATUS
Discussion
8738.

Question : What are connecting links ?

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Solution :The organisms which possess the characters of two different groups (transitional stage) are called connecting LINKS.
EG. Peripatus (connecting LINK between Annelida and Arthropoda), ARCHEOPTERYX (Connecting link between REPTILES and Aves).
Discussion
8739.

Question : What are condia? In which fungi group are they found?

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Solution :They are SPORES, not ENCLOSED in a sporogium, are from the be dispersed as they are FORMED. They BELONG to the GROUP Ascomycetes.
Discussion
8740.

Question : What are Coacervates ?

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SOLUTION :Coacervates (large COLLOIDAL PARTICLES that precipitate out in aqueous medium) are the first pre-cells which gradually transformed into living cells, according to theory of chemical EVOLUTION.
Discussion
8741.

Question : What are co-factors ? Describe its types.

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Solution :`-` Enzymes are composed of one or several polypeptide chains. Generally, non-protein constituents CALLED co-factors are bound to the enzyme to make the enzyme catalytically active.
- The protein portion of the enzymes is called the apoenzyme.
- Three kinds of co-factors may be identified :
(1) Prosthetic groups (2) Co-enzymes (3) Metal ions.
(1) Prosthetic groups : Prosthetic groups are organic compounds they are tightly bound to the apoenzyme. e.g. peroxidase and catalase, which catalyze the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide to `H_2O` and `O_(2)` , haem (`Fe^(++)`) is the prosthetic group and it is a part of the active site of the enzyme.
(2) Co-enzymes : Are also organic compounds. They are associated temporarily with apoenzyme.
- They serve as co-factors in a number of different enzyme catalyzed reactions.
- Many co-enzymes have VITAMINS as their COMPONENTS e.g., co-enzyme nicotinamide
adenine DINUCLEOTIDE (NAD) and NADP contain the vitamin niacin.
(3) Metal ions : Are essential in the activity of many enzymes which form COORDINATION bonds with side chains at the active site and at the same time form one or more coordination bonds with the substrate e.g., zinc is a co-factor for enzyme carboxypeptidase.
Catalytic activity is lost when the co-factor is removed from the enzyme.
Discussion
8742.

Question : Whatare climacteric fruits?

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Solution :In most of the plants, there is sharp rise in respiration RATE near the END of the development of fruit, called climacteric rise. Such fruits are called climacteric fruits. EXAMPLE: Tomato, APPLES, Banana, MANGO.
Discussion
8743.

Question : What are chordae tendinae and what is their function?

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Solution :1. The myocardium of the VENTRICLE is THROWN into irregular muscular RIDGES which get modified to form CHORDAE tendinae.
2. The OPENING and closing of semilunar valves are achieved by chordae tendinae which are attached to heart by papillary muscles.
Discussion
8744.

Question :What are chordae tendinae ?

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Solution :TOUGH strands of connective TISSUE ATTACHED to the VALVES in the heart.
Discussion
8745.

Question : What are choanocytes?

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Solution :The inner of sponges have a special TYPE of CELLS called choaocytes. These flagellated collar cells create and maintain water flow through the sponge. It helps in RESPIRATION and DIGESTION.
Discussion
8746.

Question : What are ceruminous glands?

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Solution :The WAX PRODUCING sebaceous glands in the EXTERNAL auditory meatus are CERUMINOUS glands.
Discussion
8747.

Question : What are cell inclusions ? Give example.

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Solution :The CELL inclusions are the non-living MATERIALS present in the cytoplasm. They are organic and inorganic COMPOUNDS. Example: Phosphate granules.
Discussion
8748.

Question : What are Cell inclusions ? Explainin detail.

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Solution :Cell Inclusion :
The cell inclusions are the non-living materials present in the cytoplasm . They are organic and inorganic compounds.
Inclusions in prokaryotes :
1. In prokaryotes, reserve materials such as phosphate granules, cyanophycean granules, glycogen granules, poly `beta`- hydroxy butyrate granules, sulphur granules, carboxysomes and gas vacuoles are present.
Inorganic inclusions in bacteria are polyphosphate granules (volutin granules) and sulphur granules. These granules are also known as metachromatic granules.
Inclusions in EUKARYOTES :
1. Reserve food materials : Starch grains, glycogen granules, aleurone grains, fat DROPLETS.
2. Secretions in plant cells are essential OIL, resins, gums, latex and tannins.
3. Inorganic crystals - plant cell have CALCIUM carbonate, calcuium oxalate and silica.
4. Cystolith - Hypodermal leaf cell of Ficus bengalensis, calcium carbonate.
5. Sphaeratphides - Star shaped calcium oxalate, colocasia.
6. Raphides - Calcium oxalate, Eichhornia.
7. Prismatic crystals - Calcium oxalate, dry scales of allium cepa.
Discussion
8749.

Question : What are Casparian strips?

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SOLUTION :The RADIAL and the INNER tangential walls of endodermal cells are thickened with suberin and lignin. This thickening was first noted by Robert Casparay in 1965. So these thickenings are called CASPARIAN STRIPS.
Discussion
8750.

Question : What are capsomerses?

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Solution :The protein COAT of viruses is MADE up of APPROXIMATELY 2130 IDENTICAL protein subunits called CAPSOMERSES.
Discussion