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8651.

Question : What are mitoribosomes ?

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SOLUTION :RIBOSOMES PRESENT in MITOCHONDRIA.
Discussion
8652.

Question : What are microvilli ?

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Solution :These are THIN, SHORT, closely PACKED invagination of the PLASMA membrane GIVING a brush-border appearance.
Discussion
8653.

Question :What are micelles ?

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SOLUTION :Micelles are water SOLUBLE dropletes ENCLOSING fatty ACIDS and glycerol.
Discussion
8654.

Question : What are metachromatic granules?

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Solution :INORGANIC INCLUSIONS in bacteria are polyphosphate granules (volutin granules) and sulphur granules. These granules are also KNOWN as metachromatic granules.
Discussion
8655.

Question : What are meristems ? With a neatlabelled diagram , explainthe differenttypesof meristemsbasedon theirpositionin the plant body .

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Solution :Formativetissuefoundin the growingregions of the plant bodysuchare root TIP, shoottip andbranch tip is referredto , as meristermatictissue .
It comprisesof UNDIFFERENTIATED massof rapidlydividingcells.
Basedon the positionin the plantbody,meristemsare classified intothreetypes:
(a) Apicalmeristem.
(b) Intercalarymeristem.
( C) Lateralmeristem.
(c) Lateralmeristem.
(a)Apicalmeristem :Meristemtic tissuefound at theapicesof the root and stemis calledApical meristem. They cause linearincrease of the plantbody i.e,primarygrowth .
(b)Intercalarymeristem :Meristematic TISSUE foundin betweenthe permanenttissues eitherat the baseof the internodes or ATTHE leavesis referred to asintercalarymeristem.It isresponsible for theelongationof theplant body i.e,primarygrowth .
(C) Lateralmeristem : Theseare foundalongthe lateral sidesofthe stemand root.Vascularcambiumand cockcambiumare theexamplesfor lateral meristem.
Discussion
8656.

Question : What are metabolites?

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Solution :METABOLITES are the organic COMPOUNDS SYNTHESIZED by plants, fungi and various microbes. They are the intermediates & PRODUCES of METABOLISM.
Discussion
8657.

Question : What are mesosomes? State their function.

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Solution :Infolds of plasma membrane of Gram positive BACTERIA. These INCREASE the surface AREA of respiratory membrane and also helps in DNA REPLICATION of bacterium
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8658.

Question : What are metabolic processes ? State its importance.

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Solution :All living organisms, (Bacteria, protozoan plants, animals) contain thousands of organic compounds.
These compounds or biomolecules are present in certain concentrations (mols/cell or mols/litre etc.).
These biomolecules have a turn over. They are constantly being changed into some other biomolecules and also made from some other biomolecules. In living organisms, breaking and MAKING through chemical reactions constantly occurring. Together all these chemical reactions are called metabolism.
(i) Examples of such metabolic transformations AXE REMOVAL of `CO_2` from amino acids making its transformation into an amines.
(ii) Removal of amino group in a nucleotide BASE, hydrolysis of a glycosidic bond in a disaccharide, etc.
Majority of these metabolic reactions do not occur in isolation but are always linked to some other reactions.
Metabolites are converted into each other in a series of linked reactions called metabolic pathways.
These metabolic pathways are similar to the automobile traffic. They have definite rate and direction.
This metabolite flow is called the dynamic state of body constituents. It is necessary for healthy conditions.Another feature of metabolic reactions is that every chemical reaction is a catalysed reaction. There is no metabolic conversion in living systems, which is uncatalysed. Even `CO_2` dissolving in water, a physical process, is a catalysed reaction in living systems.
The catalysts which speed up the rate of a given metabolic conversation are also proteins.
These proteins with catalytic power are NAMED enzymes.
Discussion
8659.

Question : What are meninges?

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SOLUTION :The brain is COVERED by OUTER Duramater, the median Arachnoid mater and the inner Piamater. These membranes are called MENINGES.
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8660.

Question : What is Meissner's corpuscles?

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Solution : Meissner's CORPUSCLES are small light PRESSURE receptors found just BENEATH the EPIDERMIS in the DERMAL papillae.
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8661.

Question : What are medullary rays ?

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Solution :The pith extends between the VASCULAR bundles. These EXTENSIONS of the pith between the vascular bundles are called primary pith RAYS or primary MEDULLARY rays .
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8662.

Question : What are mast cells ?

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Solution :Mast cells are oval SHAPED cells with GRANULAR CYTOPLASM present in the CONNECTIVE tissue .
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8663.

Question : What are mammillary bodies?

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SOLUTION :A PAIR of small rounded body in the hypothalamus is CALLED mammillary bodies. These are involved in olfactory reflexes and emotional response to ODOUR.
Discussion
8664.

Question : What are Magnetosomes?

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Solution :INTRACELLULAR chains of 40-50 magnetite `(Fe_3O_4)` particles are FOUND in bacterium Aquaspirillum magnetotacticum and it HELPS the bacterium to locate NUTRIENT rich sediments.
Discussion
8665.

Question : What are macromolecules ? Give Example.

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Solution :The biomolecules, with molecular WEIGHT more than 1000 Daltons are KNOWN as MACROMOLECULES. e.g. PROTEINS, polysaccharides
Discussion
8666.

Question : What are macromolecules? Give example.

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Solution :HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT substances with complex molecular structure which occur in colloidal state are called macromolecules. They are formed by polymerization of large NUMBER of macromolecules.
Discussion
8667.

Question : What are lysosomes ?

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SOLUTION :Veiscles CONTAINING DIGESTIVE ENZYMES.
Discussion
8668.

Question : What are macro and micro biomolecules ? Explain with examples.

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Solution :All those compounds found in the acid soluble POOL have molecular weights ranging from 18 to 800 daltons (DA).
The acid insoluble fraction, has only four types of organic compounds i.e., PROTEINS, nucleic acids, polysaccharides and lipids. They have molecular weights in the range of ten thousand daltons and above with the exception of lipids.
For this very reason, biomolecules, i.e., chemical compounds found in living organisms are of two types, (i) macromolecules molecular weights less than 1000 daltons (ii) Biomacromolecules found in acid insoluble fraction and molecular weights is more than thousand dalton. Lipids are indeed small molecular weight compounds and arranged into structures like cell membrane and other membranes.
When we grind a tissue, we are disrupting the cell structure. Cell membrane and other membranes are broken into pieces, and form vesicles which are not water soluble.
These membrane fragments in the form of vesicles get separated along with the acid insoluble pool and HENCE in the macromolecular fraction.
Together they represent the entire chemical composition of living tissues of organisms. In summary if we represent the chemical composition of living tissue from abundance point of view and arrange them class-wise, we observe that water is the most abundant chemical in living organisms.
Discussion
8669.

Question : What are lysosomal storage diseases ?

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SOLUTION :The lysosomal DISEASES cause accumulation of material AWAITING digestion in the lysosomes. The first such disease was identified in 1963 by the Belgain investigator H.G. Hers. It was named glycogen storage disease. The cells of the person with this disease LACK the lysosomal enzyme, `alpha`-glycoisdase, which degrades glycogen. As a result, the cells of liver, muscles and other tissues contain large glycogen filled lysosomes. In another lysosomal storage disease, lipids ACCUMULATE in the lysosomes due to lack of lipid-degrading enzyme.
Discussion
8670.

Question : What are locomotory organs in Nereis?

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SOLUTION :PARAPODIA
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8671.

Question : What are called Lenticels?

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Solution :LENTICAL is RAISED OPENING or popeon theepidermisor barkof stemsand soots . Itis formedduringsecondary growth in stems .
LENTICEL is helpful in exchangeof gasesand TRANSPIRATION calledlenticulartranspiration .
Discussion
8672.

Question : What is lasso cells?

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Solution :The special cells of CTENOPHORES which HELPS in FOOD CAPTURE are lasso cells or colloblasts.
Discussion
8673.

Question : What are Lamellae? Where are they present ?

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SOLUTION :Matrix in a BONE arranged in concenlric circles is called LAMELLAE. They are PRESET in LONG bones .
Discussion
8674.

Question : What is Krause end bulbs?

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SOLUTION :These are THERMORECEPTORS of the SKIN that SENSE TEMPERATURE.
Discussion
8675.

Question : What are Lacrymal glands ?

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Solution :Tears secreting GLANDS LOCATED in the UPPER lateral REGION of each orbit are CALLED Lacrymal glands.
Discussion
8676.

Question : What are kelps ?

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SOLUTION :KELPS are GIANT BROWN ALGAE.
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8677.

Question :What are joints?

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SOLUTION :The JOINTS are POINTS of CONTACT between BONES.
Discussion
8678.

Question : What are isolating barriers ?

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Solution :An isolating barrier is any evolved character of the TWO species that STOPS them from interbreeding. SEVERAL KINDS of isolating barriers are DISTINGUISHED. The most important distinction is Prezygotic and post zygotic isolation.
Discussion
8679.

Question : What are isobilateral leaves ? Give an example.

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Solution :In ISOBILATERAL leaf PALISADE is present on both sides of the leaf and INBETWEEN them spongy perenchyma is present. ExampleNerium.
Discussion
8680.

Question : What are Interoceptors?

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Solution :INTEROCEPTORS are located in the VISCERAL organs and blood vessels. These are sensitive to internal stimuli.
Discussion
8681.

Question : What are inhibitors? Mention its types.

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Solution :Certain SUBSTANCES present in the cells may react with the enzyme and LOWER the RATE of reaction these substances are called inhibitors. It is of two TYPES COMPETITIVE and non-competitive.
Discussion
8682.

Question : What are hormones ?

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SOLUTION :SECRETIONS of ENDOCRINE GLANDS.
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8683.

Question : What are hydathodes?

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Solution :Hydathodes are the stomata-like pores present in PLANTS that grow in moist and shady PLACES.
Discussion
8684.

Question : What are heterocyclic organic compounds ? Explain with examples.

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Solution :Living organisms have a number of carbon compounds in which heterocyclic rings a can be found.
Some of these nitrogen bases are Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C), Uracil (U), and Thymine (T). When they are called nucleotides. If a phosphate group is also found esterified to the sugar they are called nucleotides.
ADENOSINE, guanosine, thymidine, uridine and cytidine are nucleosides. Adenylic acid, THYMIDYLIC acid, guanylic acid, uridylic acid and cytidylic acid are nucleotides.
Nucleic ACIDS like DNA and RNA consist of nucleotides only. DNA and RNA function as genetic material.
Discussion
8685.

Question :What are histones ? What are their functions ?

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Solution :HISTONES are round basic protein. Which has higher proportion of basic amino acid, arginine, Lycin. Histone forms chromatin in Eukaryotic cells.
Function : Histone possesses +ve charged ends which ATTRACT -ve by charged DNA chain. Histon prepares medium. DNA surrounds it. They play an important role in GENE control as gene resistant. They FORM chromatin.
Discussion
8686.

Question : What are gums made of? Is Fevicol different?

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SOLUTION :GUMS are the secondary METABOLITES of plants. Synthetic gum are hetero-polysaccharide or polymeric substances of large number of different MONOSACCHARIDE units. Fevicol is a synthetic gum.
Discussion
8687.

Question : What are gums made of ? Is Fevicol different ?

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Solution :NATURAL gums are polysaccharides of natural origin, capable of CAUSING a large VISCOSITY increase in solution even at small concentration.
Fevicol is a synthetic glue. These are MIXTURES of polymers dissolved in a solvent. The solvent evaporates the ADHESIVE hardens. These adhesives are used for household applications.
Discussion
8688.

Question : What are Grana?

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Solution :PLACES where thylakoids are STACKED like piles of COINS. Sites of PHOTOSYNTHESIS.
Discussion
8689.

Question : What are grana? Where are they present?

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Solution :GRANA are PILES of THYLAKOID membranes stacked together. They are PRESENT in the CHLOROPLAST.
Discussion
8690.

Question : What are glycosomes?

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SOLUTION :Glycosomes are the GRANULES of STORED glycogen that provide GLUCOSE during the period of muscle fibre activity.
Discussion
8691.

Question : What are glycolytic fibres?

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SOLUTION :The MUSCLE fibres which contain a few mitochondria but possess a high concentration of glycolytic ENZYMES and large stores of glycogen are called glycolytic fibres. These lack myoglobin and hence these are PALE. These muscle fibres are TERMED as white muscle fibres.
Discussion
8692.

Question : What are Glycans?

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SOLUTION :POLYSACCHARIDES are also CALLED as GLYCANS. They are made of HUNDREDS of monosaccharide units.
Discussion
8693.

Question : What is giant chromosome?

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Solution :These chromosomes are LARGER in SIZE and are called giant chromosomes. In certain plants they are found in the suspensors of the EMBRYO. The POLYTENE chromosome and lamp brush chromosome occur in animals and are ALSO called as giant chromosomes.
Discussion
8694.

Question : What are gemmae?

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Solution :Gemmae are SMALL propagative STRUCTURES which help in asexual reproduction. Eg, Marchantia.
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8695.

Question : What are gastric rugae?

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Solution :The inner wall or STOMACH has many folds CALLED gastric RUGAE which unfolds to accommodate a large MEAL.
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8696.

Question : What are gas vacuoles ? State their functions.

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Solution :GAS VACUOLES are called as false vacuole or air vacuoles. It is a characteristics of prokaryote. Each gas vesicle is made up of sub microscopic hexagonal vesicle and thin protein layer. Metabolic gas is STORED in it. It REGULATES buoyancy.
Discussion
8697.

Question : What are floating ribs?

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SOLUTION :11TH and 12 th PAIR of ribs are FLOATING ribs as they are not ATTACHED to the sternum in front.
Discussion
8698.

Question : What are flame cells?

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SOLUTION :Flame cells are the SPECIALIZED excretory cells in flat worms. They HELP in excretion and OSMOREGULATION.
Discussion
8699.

Question : What are fibronectins ?

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Solution :Fibronectins are glycorproteins that ATTACH the animal cells to the extracellular MATRIX (cell coat) and are also CONNECTED to the integral proteins of cell membrane.
Discussion
8700.

Question : What are fibres ?

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Solution :Fibres are narrow, ELONGATED and fiber like. They are USUALLY found in BUNDLES. They are deriveddirectly from MERISTEMATIC cells.
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