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8601.

Question : What are prions ?

Answer»

Solution :Prions are just infectious proteinaceous particleswithout any ASSOCIATION with NUCLEIC ACIDS.
Discussion
8602.

Question : What are primary and secondary metabolites ? State its importance and components with examples.

Answer»

Solution :The most exciting ASPECT of chemistry deals with isolating thousands of compounds, small and big, from living ORGANISMS, determining their structure and if possible synthesising them.
In the list of Biomolecules, thousands of organic compounds including amino acids, SUGARS are found these biomolecules are called .metabolites..
In animal tissues, organic coinpuunds with row molecular weight arc found, they are called primary metabolites.
If one analyses the plant, fungal and microbial cells, thousands of other components are found e.g. alkaloides, flavonoides, RUBBER, essential oils, antibiotics, coloured pigments, scents, gums, spices etc. these are called secondary metabolites.
Primary and Secondary Metabolites :

We do not at the moment, understand the role or functions of all the .secondary metabolites. in the host organisms.
Primary metabolites have identifiable functions and play known roles in normal physiologial processes.
Many of the secondary metabolites are useful to .HUMAN welfare. (e.g., rubber, drugs, spices, scents and pigments).
Some secondary metabolites have ecological importance.
Discussion
8603.

Question : What are Prickles ? Mention its benefit to plants.

Answer»

SOLUTION :(a) Prickles : Prickles, are one type of epidermal emergences with no VASCULAR supply. They are stiff and sharp in appearance. (Example : Rose). (b) Prickles ALSO provide protection against animals and they also check excessive TRANSPIRATION.
Discussion
8604.

Question : What are porins? What role do they play in diffusion?

Answer»

SOLUTION :The PORINS are proteins that form huge pores in the OUTER membranes of the PLASTIDS, mitochondria and some bacteria allowing molecules up to the size of small proteins to pass through.
Discussion
8605.

Question : What are poultry products?

Answer»

SOLUTION :A NUMBER of poultry byproducts like blood-meal, feather meal, poultry byproduct meal and HATCHERY by-product meal are used as good SOURCES of nutrients for meat producing animals and poultry. These byproducts supply proteins, FATS, vitamins and good amount of minerals.
Discussion
8606.

Question : What are porins ? What role do they play in diffusion ?

Answer»

Solution :The PORINS are proteins that form huge pores in the outer MEMBRANES of the plastids mitochondria and some bacteria allowing molecules up to the SIZE of SMALL proteins to PASS through
Discussion
8607.

Question : What are porins?

Answer»

Solution :The porins are proteins that form huge PORES in the outer membranes of the PLASTIDS, mitochondria and some bacteria allowing MOLECULES up to the SIZE of small proteins to PASS through.
Discussion
8608.

Question : What are Polysomes? State its function.

Answer»

Solution :During PROTEIN synthesis many ribosomes are attached to the SINGLE mRNA CALLED polysomes or polyribosomes. The function of polysomes is the formation of several copies of a PARTICULAR POLYPEPTIDE during protein synthesis.
Discussion
8609.

Question : What are Pneumatophores?

Answer»

Solution :In some plants such as RHIZOPHORA growing in SWAMPY AREAS, ROOTS come out of the ground and grow vertically upwards. Such roots are called as pneumatophores.
Discussion
8610.

Question : What are podocytes and where are they present?

Answer»

SOLUTION :Podocytes are present in the lining of Bowman.s capsule. The FORM a network of slits that FIT over the CAPILLARY and slits are PLACES through which ultrafiltration occurs.
Discussion
8611.

Question : What are poikilothermic?

Answer»

Solution :The ANIMALS which CHANGE their body temperature according to the environment are CALLED poikilothermic.
Discussion
8612.

Question : What are plasmids? How it helps the bacteria?

Answer»

Solution :Plasmids are extrachromosomal double stranded, circular , self-replacating, autonomous elements. They contain GENES for fertility, ANTIBIOTIC resistant and HEAVY METALS. It also help in the PRODUCTION of bacteriocins and toxins which are not found in bacterial chromosome.
Discussion
8613.

Question : What are plasmodesmata ?

Answer»

SOLUTION :SMALL, TRANSMEMBRANE (TUNNEL) and IMMOBILE.
Discussion
8614.

Question : What are plasmodesmata and what is their role?

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Solution :They are TINY pores in the cell walls through which strands, of cytoplasm BRING CONTINUITY between neighboring plant CELLS.
Discussion
8615.

Question : What are plasmids ? Describe their role in bacteria?

Answer»

Solution :Plasmid is a round double DNA chain. It replicates by itself. It is seen in cytoplasm of BACTERIAL CELL. It mainly remains separate from the chromosome.
Plasmid is a EXTERNAL nuclear chromosome. It is USEFUL for information from one cell to ANOTHER. It functions as antibiotic resistant and in bacterial formation.
Discussion
8616.

Question : What are Plant Growth Regulators (PGR's)?

Answer»

Solution :PLANT Growth Regulators are DEFINED as organic substances which are synthesized in minute quantities in one PART of the plant body and transported to another part where they influence SPECIFIC physiological processes.
Discussion
8617.

Question : What are Pili ?

Answer»

Solution :Pili or fimbriae are hair LIKE APPENDAGES found on surface of CELL WALL of gram-negative bacteria.
Discussion
8618.

Question : What are phytosystems (quantosomes) ?

Answer»

SOLUTION :PARTICLES FORMING THYLAKOID MEMBRANE.
Discussion
8619.

Question : What are phylloclades?

Answer»

SOLUTION :Phylloclades are green modified stem and are able to do photosynthesis. The leaves are drought DECIDUOUS or CADUCOUS. They become fleshy and are with unlimited GROWTH e.g. Opuntia, Euphorbia royleana.
Discussion
8620.

Question : What are photoblastic seeds?

Answer»

SOLUTION :There are many seeds which respond to LIGHT for GERMINATION and these seeds SAID to be photoblastic.
Discussion
8621.

Question : What are permeases ?

Answer»

Solution :INTEGRAL protein molecules that TRANSPORT material through the CELL membrane.
Discussion
8622.

Question : What are passage cells ? State its function.

Answer»

Solution :The endodermal cells, which are opposite to the PROTOXYLEM elements, are thin WALLED without casparian strips. These cells are CALLED passage cells. Their function is to transport WATER and dissolved salts from the CORTEX to the protoxylem.
Discussion
8623.

Question : What are parthenocarpic fruits?

Answer»

Solution :DEVELOPMENT of fruits WITHOUT fertilization are called Parthenocarpic fruit. They are SEEDLESS fruits. Example: Banana.
Discussion
8624.

Question : What are palade particles ?

Answer»

SOLUTION :ANOTHER NAME for RIBOSOMES
Discussion
8625.

Question :What are Pacinian corpuscles?

Answer»

Solution :Pacinian CORPUSCLES are the large egg shaped receptors FOUND scattered deep in the dermis and monitoring vibration due to PRESSURE.
Discussion
8626.

Question : What are other names of Krebs' cycle ?

Answer»

SOLUTION :(i) CITRIC ACID CYCLE(II)Tricarboxylic acid cycle.
Discussion
8627.

Question : What are organ of corti

Answer»

Solution :The ORGAN of Corti is a STRUCTURE located on the BASILAR membrane in EAR which contains hair cells that act as auditory receptors. The hair cells are present in ROWS on the internal side of the organ of Corti.
Discussion
8628.

Question : What are open type of collateral vascular bundles?

Answer»

SOLUTION :CAMBIUM is PRESENT between XYLEM and PHLOEM.
Discussion
8629.

Question : What are oligodendrocytes ?What is their function?

Answer»

Solution :They are specialised neuroglia CELLS PRESENT in the CNS of boh grey and WHITE matterthey form the myelin sheath.
Discussion
8630.

Question : What are obligate parasites ? Give example.

Answer»

Solution :Obligate (Total) parasites COMPLETELY DEPENDS on the HOST for the survival. Example : CUSCUTA.
Discussion
8631.

Question : What are nucleosomes?

Answer»

SOLUTION :FUNCTIONAL UNITS of CHROMONEMA
Discussion
8632.

Question : What are nucleosomes ?

Answer»

SOLUTION :Bead-like ENLARGEMENTS of INTERPHASE CHROMATIN FIBERS.
Discussion
8633.

Question : What are nucleolar orgnizers region?

Answer»

Solution :Secondary constrictions contains the GENES for RIBOSOMAL RNA which INDUCE the formation of nucleoli and are CALLED nucleolar organizer regions.
Discussion
8634.

Question : What are nuclear pores ? State their function.

Answer»

Solution :At a number of places the nuclear envelope is interrupted by MINUTE pores, which are formed by the fusion of its two membranes.
These nuclear pores are the passages through which movement of RNA and protein MOLECULES takes place in both directions between the NUCLEUS and the cytoplasm.
Discussion
8635.

Question : What are nuclear poes? State their function.

Answer»

Solution :Nuclear PORE are the protein BASED CHANNELS in the nuclear ENVELOPE.
Discussion
8636.

Question : What are nodes of Ranvier ?Where are they present ?

Answer»

SOLUTION :Nodes of ranvier are places where MYELIN sheath is ABSENT in a neuron. They are present on the axon of neuron.
Discussion
8637.

Question : What are Nodes of Ranvier?

Answer»

Solution :The Schwann cells covering the AXON are not CONTINUOUS. There are gaps in the MYELIN sheath between ADJACENT Schwann cells. These gaps are called Nodes of Ranvier.
Discussion
8638.

Question : What are Nissl's granules ?Where are they present ?

Answer»

SOLUTION :Nissl.s granules are rich in RAN and are CONCERNED with protein SYNTHESIS. They are PRESENT in the CELL body of neuron.
Discussion
8639.

Question : What are nephridia? Mention the types of nephridia in earthworm?

Answer»

Solution :NEPHRIDIA are microscopic , coiled and segmentally -arranged EXCRETORY and osmoregulatory structures of earthworm . There are THREE types of nephridia: pharyngeal nephridia, SEPTAL nephdridai and integumentary nephridia.
Discussion
8640.

Question : What are neuroglia?

Answer»

SOLUTION :The non-nervous special supporting cells of the nervous tissue are CALLED NEUROGLIA.
Discussion
8641.

Question :What are neurons? What are their functions.

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Solution :The structural and functional UNIT of the nervous system is neurons. They detect, RECEIVE, process and transmit DIFFERENT kinds of stimuli. They are SENSORY, motor and autonomic in functions.
Discussion
8642.

Question : What are neuroglia cells ?

Answer»

SOLUTION :Neuroglia CELLS fill up the inter-neuron space in the central NERVOUS system as the connective TISSUE is absent in CNS.
Discussion
8643.

Question : What are neo-taxonomical tools?

Answer»

SOLUTION :The new taxonomical tools which are based on electron microscopic IMAGES to study the MOLECULAR structure of cell ORGANELLES are neo-taxonomical tools.
Discussion
8644.

Question : What are myofibrils?

Answer»

Solution : Each muscle fibre CONTAINS HUNDREDS to thousands of rod-like structures called myofibrils that RUN parallel to its LENGTH.
Discussion
8645.

Question : What are Mycorrhizae? Explain the types.

Answer»

Solution :Mycorrhizae:
1. The symbiotic association between fungal mycelium and roots of plants is called as mycorrhizae.
2. In this relationship fungi absorbs nutrition from the root and in tum the hyphal network of the fungi HELPS the plant to absorb water and mineral nutrients from the soil.
Types:
1. Ectomycorrhizae :
(i) The fungal mycelium forms a dense sheath around the root called mantle.
(ii) The hyphal network penetrate the intercellular spaces of the epidermis and cortex to form Hartignet. Eg: Pisolithus tinctorius.
2. Endomycorrhizae :
(i) The HYPHAE grows mainly inside the roots, penetrate the outer cortical cells of the plant root.
(ii) A small PORTION of the mycelium is found outside the root.
(iii) This form is also called Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungi (VAM Fungi) DUE to the presence of Vesicle or ARBUSCLE like haustoria.
(i) Arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM) Eg: Gigaspora
(ii) Ericoid mycorrhizae- Eg: Oidiodendrpn
(iii) Orchid mycorrhizae - Eg: Rhizoctonia
3. Ectendomycorrhizae :
The fungi form both mantle and also penetrates the cortical cells.
Discussion
8646.

Question : What are mycoplasmas?

Answer»

SOLUTION :They are SMALLEST KNOWN PROKARYOTES.
Discussion
8647.

Question : What are mycophages? Who first reported it ?

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Solution :VIRUSES infecting FUNGI are called mycophase or mycoviruses. MYCOPHAGES were first reported by Hollings in 1962.
Discussion
8648.

Question : What are Monocotyledons ?

Answer»

Solution :1. SEEDS of MONOCOTYLEDONOUS plants CONTAIN only one cotyledon.
2. Leaves show PARALLEL venation.
3. Flowers are TRIMEROUS.
4. These plants have fibrous root system.
Discussion
8649.

Question : What is molecular clock?

Answer»

Solution :A slight change occurs over TIME in conserved molecules such as DNA, RNA and PROTEIN. They are often called as MOLECULAR CLOCKS and serve as molecular EVIDENCES of evolution.
Discussion
8650.

Question : What are microvilli? State their functions.

Answer»

Solution :MICROVILLI are COUNTLESS minute, closely SET PROJECTIONS from the free surface of most of the muscosal cell of intestine. These increases the ABSORPTIVE surface of intestine.
Discussion