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15701.

Question : List out the various types of vegetative reproduction seen in algae.

Answer»

SOLUTION :Fission, fragmentation, budding, BULBILS, TUBERS.
Discussion
15702.

Question : Discuss the role of bacteria in Industries.

Answer»

SOLUTION :
Discussion
15703.

Question : What are the uses of herbarium.

Answer»

Solution :1. Herbarium provides resource material for SYSTEMATIC research and studies.
2. It is a place for orderly arrangement of voucher specimens.
3 Voucher SPECIMEN serves as a reference for comparing doubtful newly collected fresh specimens.
4. Voucher specimens play a role in studies like floristic diversity, environmental assessment, ecological mechanisms and survey of UNEXPLORED areas.
5. Herbarium provides opportunity for documenting biodiversity and studies related to the field of ecology and conservation biology.
Discussion
15704.

Question : List out the uses of antitranspirants.

Answer»

SOLUTION :`*` Antitranspirantsreduce the enormous loss of water by transpirationin CROP PLANTS.
`*` USEFUL for seedling transplantations in nurseries.
Discussion
15705.

Question : List out the unique characters of a Eukaryotic cell.

Answer»

SOLUTION :Eukaryotes have true nucleus. The DNA is associated with PROTEIN bound histones forming the CHROMOSOMES. MEMBRANE bound ORGANELLES are present.
Discussion
15706.

Question : List the radiations present in electromagnetic spectrum.

Answer»

SOLUTION :Electromagneticspectrumconsists of 8 typesof radiaitonssuchas cosmicrays , gamma RAYS, X rays , U - V rays,visiblelightspectrum , infraredrays, electricraysand RADIO rays .
Discussion
15707.

Question : List out the types of objective lenses used in Bright field microscope.

Answer»

SOLUTION :5x,10x,45x,100x.
Discussion
15708.

Question : List out the three characteristics of porifera.

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Solution :Poriferances possess a WATER transport system or canal system. Nutrition is HOLOZOIC and INTRACELLULAR.
Body is supported by CALCAREOUS and SILICEOUS spicules.
Discussion
15709.

Question : List out the substances that are transported by facilitateddiffusion.

Answer»

Solution :SUGARS, amino ACIDS, NUCLEOTIDES,IONS and cell metabolites.
Discussion
15710.

Question : Listoutthesubstancesthat are accumulatedin tyloses .

Answer»

Solution :In fullydeveloped typolses, strachy crystals, RESINS , GUMS, OILS , tanninsor COLOURED substancesarefound .
Discussion
15711.

Question : List out the storage products seen in medulla.

Answer»

Solution :TANNINS, Phenols, calcium OXALATE crystals, FATTY substances, STARCH.
Discussion
15712.

Question : List out the significance of fruits.

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Solution :1. Edible part of the fruit is a source of food, energy for animals.
2. They are source of many chemicals like sugar, pectin, organic acids, vitamins and minerals.
3. The fruit protects the seeds from unfavourable climatic conditions and animals.
4. Both fleshy and dry fruits HELP in the dispersal of seeds to DISTANT places.
5. In certain cases, fruit may PROVIDE nutrition to the developing seedling.
6. Fruits provide source of medicine to humans.
Discussion
15713.

Question : What are the objections raised against root pressure theory?

Answer»

Solution :The following objectionshave been raisedagainst ROOT pressure theory :
i. Root pressure is TOTALLY absent in gymnosperms, which includes some of the tallest plants.
ii. There is no relationship between the ascent of sap and root pressure. For example, in summer, the rate of the ascent of sap is more due to transpiration in spite of the fact that root pressure is very low. On the other hand, in winter when the rate of ascent of sap is low, a high root pressure is found.
iii. Ascent of sap continues even in the absence of roots.
iv. The MAGNITUDE of root PRESSUREIS about 2 atm, which can raise the water level up to few feet only, whereas the tallest trees are more than 100m high.
Discussion
15714.

Question : Write the significance of molecular taxonomy.

Answer»

Solution :1. It helps to identify a very LARGE NUMBER of SPECIES of plants and animals by the use of conserved molecular sequences.
2. Using DNA data evolutionary patterns of biodiversity are now investigated.
3. DNA taxonomy plays a vital role in phytogeography, which ultimately helps in genome mapping and biodiversity conservation.
4. DNA-based molecular markers USED for designing DNA based molecular probes, have also been developed under the branch of molecular systematics.
Discussion
15715.

Question : Write the significance of DNA barcoding?

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Solution : 1. DNA bar CODING greatly HELPS in identification and classification of organism.
2. It AIDS in mapping the extent of biodiversity.
Discussion
15716.

Question : Give the salient features of the class Zygomycetes.

Answer»

Solution :`**` Most of the species are saprophytic and live on DECAYING plant and ANIMAL matter in the soil. Somelead parasitic life (Example : Entomophthora on housefly)
`**` Bread MOLD fungi (Example : Mucor and Rhizopus) and Coprophilous fungi (Fungi GROWING on dung Example :Pilobolus) belong to this group.
`**` The mycelium is branched and coemocytic.
`**` Asexual reproduction by means of spores produced in sporangia.
`**` Sexual reproduction is by the fusion of the gametangia which result in THICK walled zygospore. It remains dormant for long periods. The zygospore undergoes meiosis and produce spores.
Discussion
15717.

Question : Write down the salient features of Ascomycetes.

Answer»

Solution :`**` Ascomycetes include a wide range of fungi such as yeasts, powdery mildews, cup fungi , morels and so on.
`**` Although majority of the species live in terrestrial environment, some live in aquatic environments both fresh water and marine.
`**` The mucelium is WELL developed, branched with simple septum.
`**`Majority of them are saprophytes but few parasites are also known. (Powdery mildew - Erysiphe).
`**` Asexual reproduction takes place by fission, budding, oidia, conidia and chlamydospore.
`**` Sexual reproduction takes place by the fusion of two compatible nuclei.
`**` Plasmogamy is not immediately followed by karyogamy, instead a dikaryotic condition is prolonged for several generations.
`**` A special hyphae is formed.
`**` A crozier is formed when the tip of the ascogenous hyphae recurves forming a hooked cell. The two nuclei in the penultimate cell of the hypha fuse to form a diploid nucleus. This cell form young ascus.
`**` The diploid nucleus undergo meiotic division to produce four haploid nuclei, which further divide mitotically to form eight nuclei. The nucleus gets organised into 8 ascospores.
`**` The ascospores are found inside a bag-like structure called ascus. Due to the presence of ascus , this group is popularly called "Sac fungi".
`**` Asci gets surrounded by sterile hyphae forming fruit BODY called ascocarp.
`**` There are 4 types of ascocarps namely CLEISTOTHECIUM ( Completely closed), Perithecium (Flask SHAPED with OSTIOLE), Apothecium (Cup shaped and open type) and Pseudothecium .
Discussion
15718.

Question : List out the salient features of Basidiomycetes.

Answer»

Solution :1. Basidiomycetes include puff balls, toad stools, Bird nest's fungi, Bracket fungi, stink horns, rusts and smuts.
2. The members are terrestrial and lead a saprophytic and parasitic mode of life.
3. The MYCELIUM is well developed, septate with dolipore septum (bracket like). Three types of mycelium namely primary (Monokaryotic), secondary (Dikaryotic) and tertiary are found.
4. Clamp connections are formed to maintain dikaryotic CONDITION.
5. Asexual reproduction is by means of conidia, oidia or budding.
6. SEXUAL reproduction is present but sex organs are absent. Somatogamy or spermatisation results in plasmogamy, Karyogamy is delayed and dikaryotic phase is prolonged. Karyogamy takes place in basidium and it is IMMEDIATELY FOLLOWED by meiotic division.
7. The four nuclei thus formed are transformed into basidiospores which are borne on sterigmata outside the basidium (Exogenous). The basidium is club shaped with four basidiospores, thus this group of fungi is popularly called "Club fungi". The fruit body formed is called Basidiocarp.
Discussion
15719.

Question : Give an account of the salient features of Angisperms.

Answer»

Solution :SALIENT features of Angiosperms:
(i) Vascular tissue (Xylem and Phloem) is well developed.
(II) Flowers are produced instead of CONE.
(iii) The embryosac (Ovule) remains enclosed in the ovary.
(iv) Pollen tube helps in fertilization, so water is not essential for fertilization.
(v) Double fertilization is PRESENT. The endosperm is TRIPLOID.
(vi) Angiosperms are broadly classified into two classes namely Dicotyledons and Monocotyledons.
Discussion
15720.

Question : List out the properties of Water.

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Solution :Properties of Water
(i) Adhesion and cohesion property(ii) HIGH LATENT heat of vaporisation
(iii) High MELTING and boiling point(iv) UNIVERSAL solvent
(v) Specific heat capacity
Discussion
15721.

Question : Give an account of the properties of soil.

Answer»

Solution :i. Texture of soil - The texture of soil is determined by the size of the soil particles. The types of soil include sand, silt and clayon the basis of their size differences.
ii. Porosity - The space present between soil particles in a given VOLUME of soil are called pore spaces. The percentage of soil volume occupied by pore space or by the interstitial spaces is called porosity of the soil.
iii. Permeability of soil - The characteristic of soil that determines the movement of water through pore spaces is known as soil permeability. Soil permeability is directly dependent on the pore size. Water holding capacity of the soil is inversely dependent on soil porosity.
Soil Temperature - Soil gets its HEAT energy from solar RADIATION, DECOMPOSING organic matter, and heat from theinterior of earth. Soil temperature effects th germination of seeds, growth of roots and biological activity of soil-inhabiting micro and macro-organisms.
Soil water - In soil, water is not only important as a solvent and transporting agent, but ALSO maintains soil texture, arrangement and compactness of soil particles, making soil habitable for plants and animals.
Discussion
15722.

Question : List out the principles of 1CN.

Answer»

Solution :International Code of Nomenclature is based on the following six principles.
1. Botanical nomenclature is independent of zoological and bacteriological nomenclature.
2. APPLICATION of names of taxonomic group is determined by means of nomenclatural types.
3. Nomenclature of a taxonomic group is based on PRIORITY of publication.
4. Each taxonomic group with a particular CIRCUMSCRIPTION, position and rank can bear only one correct name, the earliest that is in accordance with the rules except in specified cases.
5. Scientific names of taxonomic groups are treated as LATIN regardless of their derivation.
6. The rules of nomenclature are retroactive unless expressly LIMITED.
Discussion
15723.

Question : Write thephysiological effect of Auxin.

Answer»

Solution :Physiological Effects
They promote cell ELONGATION in stem and coleoptile.
At higher concentrations auxins inhibit the elongation of roots but induce more lateral roots. Promotes growth of root only at extremely low concentrations.
Suppression of growth in lateral bud by apical bud due to auxin produced by apical bud is TERMED as apical dominance.
Auxin prevents abscission.
It is RESPONSIBLE for initiation and PROMOTION of cell division in cambium, which is responsible for the secondary growth and tumor. This property of induction of cell division has been exploited for TISSUE culture techniques and for the formation of callus.
Auxin stimulates respiration.
Auxin induces vascular differentiation.
Discussion
15724.

Question :Explain the physiological effects of ABA.

Answer»

SOLUTION :It helps in reducing transpiration rate by closing stomata. It inhibits K+ UPTAKE by guard cells and promotes the leakage of malic acid. It results in closure of stomata.
It spoils chlorophylls, proteins and nucleic acids of leaves making them yellow
Inhibition of cell division and cell elongation.
ABA is a powerful growth inhibitor. It causes 50% inhibition of growth in Oat coleoptile .
It induces bud and seed DORMANCY.
It promotes the abscission of leaves, flowers and fruits by forming abscission layers.
ABA plays an important role in plants during water stress and during drought CONDITIONS. It results in loss of turgor and closure of stomata .
It has anti-auxin and anti-gibberellin property
Abscisic acid promotes senescence in leaves by CAUSING loss of chlorophyll pigment decreasing the rate of photosynthesis and changing the rate of proteins and nucleic acid synthesis.
Discussion
15725.

Question : List out the non- photosynthetic parts of a plant that need a supply of sucrose ?

Answer»

SOLUTION :Roots, buds, FLOWERS, FRUIT, and matured stem.
Discussion
15726.

Question : List out the parts of a pistil.

Answer»

SOLUTION :OVARY, STYLE and STIGMA.
Discussion
15727.

Question : Enumerate the living and non-living characters of viruses.

Answer»

Solution :(a) Can be CRYSTALLIZED (b) Absence of METABOLISM.
(c ) Inactive OUTSIDE the host (d) Do not SHOW functional autonmy.
(e ) Energy producing ENZYME system is absent.
Discussion
15728.

Question : Write any two merits of Five Kingdom classification.

Answer»

Solution :(i) The classification is based on the COMPLEXITY of CELL structure and organization of thallus.
(II) It is based on the mode of nutrition.
(iii) SEPARATION of fungi from plants.
(iv) It shows the phylogeny of the organisms.
Discussion
15729.

Question :List out the internal factors that affect growth.

Answer»

Solution :a Genes are INTRACELLULAR factors for growth.
b. Phytohormones are intracellular factors for growth. Example: AUXIN, GIBBERELLIN, CYTOKININ.
c. C/N ratio.
Discussion
15730.

Question : What are the industrial used of alcoholic fermentation ?

Answer»

Solution :1. In bakeries, it is used for PREPARING bread, CAKES , BISCUITS.
2. In beverage industries for preparing WINE and ALCOHOLIC drinks.
3. In producing vinegar and in tanning, curing of leather.
4. Ethanol is used to make gasohol (a fule that is used for cars in Brazil) .
Discussion
15731.

Question : Write the four important features of the chromosome.

Answer»

Solution :The four important FEATURES of the chromosome are:
The shape of the chromosome is specific: The long, thin, lenghy structured chromosome contains a short, constricted region called CENTROMERE. A centromere may occur any where along the chromosome, but it is always in the same position on any given chromosome.
The NUMBER of chromosomes PER species is fixed: For example the mouse has
40 chromosomes, the onion has 16 and humans have 46.
Chromosomes occur in pairs: The chromosomes of a cell occur in pairs, called homologous pairs. one of each pair come originally from each parent. example, human has 46 chromosomes, 23 coming originally from each parent in the process of sexual reproduction chromosomes are copied: Between nuclear divisions, whilst the chromosomes are uncoiled and cannot be SEEN, each chromosome is copied. the two identical structures formed are called chromatids.
Discussion
15732.

Question : List out the importance of mycorrhiza.

Answer»

SOLUTION :Helps to derivenutritionin Monotropa, a saprophytic ANGIOSPERM .
(ii) Improves the availability of mineralsand WATERTO the plants .
(iii) Providesdrought resistance to the plants .
PROTECTS rootsof higher plants FROMTHE attackof plant pathogens.
Discussion
15733.

Question : Write the general characteristic features of Pteridophytes.

Answer»

Solution :General CHARACTERISTIC features of Pteridophytes:
1. Plant body is sporophyte (2n) and it is the dominant phase. It is differentiated into root, stem and leaves.
2. Roots are adventitious.
3. Stem shows monopodial or dichotomous branching.
4. Leaves may be microphyllous or megaphyllous.
5. Stele is protostele but in some forms siphonostele is present (Marsilea)
6. Tracheids are the major water conducting elements but in Selaginella vessels are found.
7. Sporangia, spore bearing bag like structures are borne on special leaves called sporophyll. The sporophylls gets organized to form cone or strobilus. e.g.. Selaginella and Equisetum.
8. They may be homosporous (produce one type of spores-Lycopodium) or Heterosporous (produce two types of spores-Selaginella). Heterospory is the origin for seed HABIT.
9. Development of sporangia may be eusporangiate (development of sporangium from group of initials) or leptosporangiate (development of sporangium from single initial).
10. Spore mother cells undergo meiosis and produce spores(n).
11. Spore germinates to produce haploid, multicellular green, cordate shaped independent gametophytes called prothallus.
12. Fragmentation, resting buds, root tubers and adventitious buds help in vegetative reproduction.
13. Sexual reproduction is Oogamous. Sex organs, namely antheridium and archegonium are produced on the prothallus.
14. Antheridium produces spirally coiled and multiflagellate ANTHEROZOIDS.
15. Antheridium is flask shapped with broad venter and elongated narrow neck. The venter possesses egg or ovum and neck contain neck canal cells.
16. Water is essential for fertilization. After fertilization a diploid zygote is formed and undergoes mitotic division to form embryo.
17. Pteridophytes show apogamy and apospory.
Discussion
15734.

Question : List out the general characters of bacteria.

Answer»

Solution :(i) They are PROKARYOTIC organisms and lack nuclear membrane and membrane bound organelles.
(ii) The genetic material is called nucleoid or genophore or incipient NUCLEUS.
(iii) The cell wall is made up of polysaccharides and proteins.
(iv) Most of them lack chlorophyll, hence they are heterotrophic (Vibrio cholerae) but some are AUTOTROPHIC and possess Bacteriochlorophyll (Chromatium).
(v) They reproduce vegetatively by binary fission and endospore formation.
(vi) They exhibit VARIATIONS which are due to genetic recombination and is achieved through conjugation, TRANSFORMATION and transduction.
Discussion
15735.

Question : List out the function of cell wall.

Answer»

Solution :The cell wall plays a vital role in HOLDING several important functions GIVEN below.
1. Offers definite shape and rigidity to the cell.
2. Serves as barrier for several molecules to enter the CELLS.
3. Provides protection to the internal PROTOPLASM against mechanical injury.
4. Prevents the bursting of cells by maintaining the oscmotic pressure.
5. Plays a major role by acting as a mechanism of defense for the cells.
Discussion
15736.

Question : Write down the functions of Golgi bodies.

Answer»

Solution :FUNCTIONS of Golgi bodies:
1. Glycoproteins and glycolipids are produced.
2. Transporting and storing lipids.
3. FORMATION of lysosomes.
4. Production of digestive enzymes.
5. Cell plate and cell wall formation.
6. Secretion of CARBOHYDRATES for the formation of plant cell WALLS and insect cuticles.
7. zymogen granules (proenzyme/pre-cursor of all enzyme) are synthesized.
Discussion
15737.

Question : List out the features of Cell Doctrine.

Answer»

Solution :The features of CELL doctrine are as follows:
1. All organisms are made up of cells.
2. New cells are produced from the pre-existing cells.
3. Cell is a structural and functional unit of all living organisms.
4. A cell contains hereditary information which is passed on from cell to cell during cell division.
5. All the cells are basically the same in chemical composition and metabolic activities.
6. The structure and function of cell is controlled by DNA.
7. Sometimes the dead cells may remain functional as tracheids and vessels in plants and horny cells in animals.
Discussion
15738.

Question : Mention any two common features for both gymnosperm & angiosperm.

Answer»

Solution :Gymnosperms resemble with angiosperms in the following features
(i) Presence of well ORGANISED plant body which is differentiated into roots, stem and leaves
(ii) Polyembryony (presence of many embryo). The naked ovule develops into SEED. The endosperm is haploid and develop before fertilization.
(iii) The life cycle shows alternation of generation. The sporophytic phase is dominant and gametophytic phase is highly reduced.
(iv) Presence of cambium in gymnosperms as in DICOTYLEDONS.
(v) FLOWERS in Gnetum resemble to the angiosperm male flower. The Zygote represent the first cell of sporophyte.
(vi) Presence of integument around the ovule
(vii) Both plant groups produce seeds
(viii) Pollen tube helps in the transfer of male nucleus in both.
(IX) Presence of Eustele.
Discussion
15739.

Question : List out the families that possess sheathing leafbase.

Answer»

SOLUTION :Arecacene, Musacene, Zingiberaceae and POACEAE.
Discussion
15740.

Question : List out theexternaland internal factors thataffectphotosynthesis.

Answer»


SOLUTION :External FACTORS : light, carbon dioxide , TEMPERATURE , water , mineral and pollutants .
Internalfactors : PIGMENTS ,protoplasmicfactor, accumulationof carbohydrates, anatomyof LEAF and hormones .
Discussion
15741.

Question : List out the enzymes of lysosomes.

Answer»

SOLUTION :ACID HYDROLASES, NUCLEASE, Protease, Glycosidases, Lipases, Phosphatases, Sulphatases and Phospholipidases.
Discussion
15742.

Question : List out the events taking place in S-Phase.

Answer»

Solution :S Phase-Synthesis phase-cells with intermediate amounts of DNA
Growth of the cell continues as replication of DNA OCCUR, protein MOLECULES called HISTONES are SYNTHESISED and attach to the DNA. The centrioles duplicate in the cytoplasm. DNA content increases from 2C to 4C.
Discussion
15743.

Question : List out the economic importance of plants belonging to Solanacene & their uses.

Answer»

SOLUTION :
Discussion
15744.

Question : List out the economic importance of plants & their uses of Liliaceae.

Answer»

SOLUTION :
Discussion
15745.

Question : List out the economic importance of plants & their uses of Fabaceae.

Answer»

SOLUTION :
Discussion
15746.

Question : Write any five Economic importance of Gymnosperm.

Answer»

SOLUTION :
Discussion
15747.

Question : List out the disadvantages of Amitosis.

Answer»

SOLUTION :1. CAUSES UNEQUAL distribution of chromosomes.
2. Can lead to abnormalities in metabolism and REPRODUCTION.
Discussion
15748.

Question : List the differences between Vascular cambium and Cord Cambium

Answer»

SOLUTION :
Discussion
15749.

Question : What are the differences between spring wood and Antumn wood?

Answer»

SOLUTION :
Discussion
15750.

Question : Mention two differences between meristematic tissue and permanent tissue.

Answer»

SOLUTION :
Discussion