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15751.

Question : List out the cytoplasmic inclusions of bacterial cell.

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Solution :GLYCOGEN , POLY-`BETA`- hydroxybutyrate granules, sulphur granules and GAS VESICLES.
15752.

Question : List out the difference between spike and spadix.

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SOLUTION :
15753.

Question : List out the criteria involved in algal classification.

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SOLUTION :Pigmentation, RESERVE FOOD materials and FLAGELLATION pattern.
15754.

Question : List out the criteria undertaken for Whittaker's classification.

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Solution :The criteria ADOPTED for the CLASSIFICATION include CELL STRUCTURE, thallus ORGANIZATION, mode of nutrition, reproduction and phylogenetic relationship.
15755.

Question : List out the criteria for being as essential minerals.

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Solution :Arnon and Stout(1939) gave criteriarequired for essential minerals: (1)ELEMENTS necessary for growth and development.
(2)They should have direct role in the METABOLISM of the PLANT.
(3) It cannot be replaced by other elements.
(4) Deficiency makes the plants impossible to complete their vegetative andreproductive PHASE.
15756.

Question : List out the components of Electron Microscope.

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Solution :The components of the microscope are as FOLLOWS:
(a) Electron Generating SYTEM
(b) Electron Condensor
(c) Specimen OBJECTIVE
(d) Tube Lens
(e) PROJECTOR.
15757.

Question : Mention any therr characterstic features of phytohormones.

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SOLUTION :Characteristics of phytohormones
i. Usually produced in tips of roots, stems and leaves. ii. Transfer of hormones from one place to another takes PART through conductive systems. iii. They are REQUIRED in trace QUANTITIES. iv. All hormones are organic in NATURE v. There are no specialized cells or organs for their secretion. vi. They are capable of influencing physiological activities leading to promotion, inhibition and modification of growth.
15758.

Question : List out the characteristics of leaf.

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Solution :1. Leaf is a lateral appendage of the STEM.
2. It is borne at the node of the stem.
3. It is exogenous in origin.
4. It has LIMITED growth.
5. It does not POSSESS apical bud.
6. It has three main parts namely, leaf BASE, petiole and lamina.
7. Lamina of the leaf is traversed by vascular strands, called veins.
15759.

Question : List out the beneficial aspects of lichens.

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Solution :(a) Lichens secrete organic acids like oxalic acid which corrodes the ROCK surface and helps in weathering of rocks, thus acting as pioneers in Xerosere.
(b) Usnic acid produced from lichens show antibiotic PROPERTIES.
( c) Lichens are sensitive to air pollutants especially to sulphur-di-oxide. Therefore, they are considered as pollution indicators.
(d) The dye present in litmus paper USED as acid base indicator in the laboratories is obtained from Roccella montagnei.
(E ) Cladonia rangiferina (Reindeer moss) is used as food for animals living in Tundra regions.
15760.

Question : List out the asexual spores produced by fungus.

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SOLUTION :ZOOSPORES, CONIDIA, OIDIA and CHLAMYDOSPORES.
15761.

Question : List out the asexual modes of reproduction of bacteria.

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Solution :ASEXUAL reproduction in bacteria INCLUDES BINARY fission, conidia FORMATION and ENDOSPORE formation.
15762.

Question : List out the antibiotics produced by fungi.

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SOLUTION :PENICILLIN, CEPHALOSPORINS and GRISEOFULVIN.
15763.

Question : List out namesof theplantsandte typesof bastfibresproduced fromthat plant .

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SOLUTION :
15764.

Question : List out major attributes and features that a cell must possess to call it as a living one.

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SOLUTION :GROWTH, REPRODUCTION, metabolism , nutrition, movement and irritability, etc.
15765.

Question : Mention any four secondary functions of the stem.

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Solution :FOODS storage, PERENNATION, water storage, PHOTOSYNTHESIS, BUOYANCY, protection and support.
15766.

Question : List out few imbibants.

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SOLUTION :Gum, STARCH, proteins, CELLULOSE, agar, and GELATIN.
15767.

Question : List the conclusions obtained by Hill's reaction.

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Solution :1. During photosynthesis OXYGEN is evolved from water.
2. Electrons for the reduction of `CO_(2)` are obtained from water.
3. REDUCED SUBSTANCE produced, later helps to reduce `CO_(2)`.
`2H_(2)O + 2A RARR AH_(2) + O_(2)`
15768.

Question : List out few attributes of living organism.

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Solution :The ATTRIBUTES of LIVING organism are growth METABOLISM, MOVEMENT, reproduction nutritions X CREATION, etc.
15769.

Question : List out any four primary functions of leaves.

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Solution :Photosynthesis, TRANSPIRATION, GASEOUS EXCHANGE and protection of BUDS.
15770.

Question : list of some the plant materials is given below: * Dicotyledonae root * Dicotyledonae stem * Monocotyledonae root Which plant material have bundle cap in the primary internal structure?

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ANSWER :DICOTYLEDONAE STEM
15771.

Question : List out any 3 significances of seed.

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Solution :1. The seed encloses and protects the EMBRYO for NEXT generation.
2. Seeds of various plants are used as FOOD, both for animals and human.
3. Seeds are the products of sexual reproduction so they PROVIDE genetic variations and recombination in a plant.
15772.

Question : List out the salient features of Cyanobacteria.

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Solution :The numbers of this group are prokaryotes and lack motile reproductive structures.
The thallus is unicelluar in Chroococcus, colonial in Gloeocapsa and filamentous trichome in Nostoc.
Gliding movement is noticed in some species (Oscillatoria).
The protoplasm is differentiated into central region called centroplasm and peripheral region bearing chromatophore called chromoplasm.
The photosynthetic pigments incklude c-phyocyanin and c-phycoerythrin along with myxoxanthin and myxoxanthophyll.
The reserve food material is cyanophycean starch.
In some forms a LARGE colourless cell is FOUND in the terminal or intercalary POSITION called heterocysts. They are involved in nitrogen fixation.
They REPRODUCED only through vegetatue methods and produce akinetes (thick wall dromant cell formed from vegetative cell). hormogonia (a portion of filament get deteaced and reproduce by cell division), fission and endospores.
The presence of mucilage around the thallus is charcteristic feature of this group. Therefore, this group is also called Myxophyceae.
Sexual reproduction is absent
Microacystis aeruginosa sn Anabaena flos-aquae cause water blooms and release toxins and affect the aquatic organism. Most of them fix atmospheric nitrogen and are used as biofertilizers (Example: Nostoc and Anabaena). Spurulina is rich in PROTEIN hence it is used as single cell protein.
15773.

Question : List one example of each of exocrine, endocrine and heterocrine glands.

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SOLUTION :(i) EXOCRINE glands=liver, (ii) Endocrine glands= Thyroid, (iii) HETEROCRINE gland=Pancreas.
15774.

Question : List out the 11 classes of Algae.

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Solution :ALGAE CLASSES :
1. Chlorophyceae 2. Xynthophyceae
3.Chrysophyceae 4. Bacillariophyceae
5.Cryptophyceae 6.Dinophyceae
7.Chloromonadineae 8.Euglenophyceae
9.Euglenophyceae 10.Phaeophyceae
11. Rhodophyceae 12. CYANOPHYCEAE
15775.

Question : What are the functions of nucleus.

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Solution :Functions of the Nucleus:
1. Controlling all the cellular activities.
2. Storing the genetic or hereditary INFORMATION.
3. Coding the information in the DNA for the production of ENZYMES and proteins.
4. DNA duplication and transcription takes place in the nucleus.
5. In nucleolus RIBOSOMAL biogenesis takes place.
15776.

Question : List four structural characteristics of prokaryotic cells.

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Solution :Structural characteristics of a prokaryotic CELL :
(i) Incipient nucleus, called NUCLEOID, is present which lacks nuclear membrane, nucleolus and NUCLEOPLASM.
(ii) Cell wall is formed of peptidoglycan.
(iii) Genetic material is usually formed of single, circular and NAKED DNA only. Histones proteins are absent.
(iv) Only cell organelles are RIBOSOMES which are of 70 S type.
15777.

Question : List five main groups of natural plant growth regulators. Write a note on discovery, physiological functions and agricultural/ horticultural applications of any one of them.

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Solution :Auxins :
Discovery: The first observations regarding the effects of auxins were made by Charles Darwin and Francis Darwin wherein they saw the coleoptiles of canary grass bending toward a unilateral source of light.
It was concluded after a series of experiments that some substance produced at the tip of coleoptiles was responsible for the bending.
Finally, this substance was extracted as auxins from the tips of coleoptiles in oat seedlings.
(i) Physiological Function :
They control plant cell growth.
They cause the phenomenon of apical dominance
They control division in the vascular cambium and xylem differentiation.
They induce parthenocarpy and prevent abscission of leaves and fruits.
Horticultural applications :
They are used as the rooting hormones in stem cuttings.
2-4D is used weedicide to kill broadleaf dicotyledonous weeds.
They induce parthenocarpy in tomatoes.
They promote FLOWERING in pineapple and litchi.
(ii) Gibberellic acid :
Discovery : Bakane or the foolish rice seedling disease was first observed by Japanese farmers.
In this disease, rice seedlings appear to grow taller than natural plants and become slender and pale green.
Later, after several experiments, it was found that this condition was caused by the infection from a certain fungus Gibberalla fujikuroi.
The active substance was isolated and identified as gibberellic acid. Physiological function : It causes elongation of internodes.
It promotes bolting in rosette plants.
It helps in inducing SEEDS germination by breaking seed dormancy and initiating the synthesis of hydrolyses enzymes for digesting reserve food.
Horticultural applications : It helps in increasing the sugar content in sugarcane by increasing the length of the internodes.
It increases the length of grape stalks.
It improves the shape of apple.
It delay senescence.
It hastens maturity and induces seed production in juvenile conifers.
(iii) Cytokinins :
Discovery: Through experimental observations E Skoog and his co-workers found that the tobacco callus differentiated when extracts of vascular tissues, yeast extract, COCONUT milk or DNA were added to the culture medium.
This led to the discovery of cytokinins. Physiological function :
They promote the growth of lateral branches by inhibiting apical dominance.
They help in the production of new leaves, chloroplasts and adventitious shoots.
They help in delaying senescence by promoting nutrient mobilisation.
Horticultural applications : They are used for preventing apical dominance.
They are used for delaying senescence in leaves.
(iv) Ethylene :
Discovery : It was observed that unripe bananas ripened faster when stored with ripe bananas.
Later, the substance promoting the ripening was found to be ethylene.
Physiological function : It helps in breaking seed and bud dormancy. It promotes rapid internode -elongation in deep water rice plants.
It promotes root growth and formation of root hairs.
It promotes senescence and abscission of leaves and flowers.
It hastens the respiration rate in fruits and enhances fruit ripening.
Horticultural applications : It is used to initiate flowering and synchronizing the fruit set in pineapples.
It induces flowering in mango.
Ethephon is used to ripen the fruits in tomatoes, APPLES and accelerate the abscission of flower and leaves in cotton, cherry and walnut.
It promotes the number of female flowers in cucumbers.
(v) Abscisic acid :
Discovery : During the mid-1960s, inhibitor-B abscission II and DORMIN were discovered by three independent researchers
These were later on found to be chemically similar and were thereafter called ABA (Abscisic acid).
Physiological functions : It acts as an inhibitor to plant metabolism. It stimulates stomatal closure during water stress.
It induces abscission of leaves, fruit and flowers.
Horticultural application : It induces seed dormancy in stored seeds.
15778.

Question : List down the key difference between roots and shoots.

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SOLUTION :
15779.

Question :List any three common uses of shellac.

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SOLUTION :1. Shellacwith denatural alcoholis used to remove duston the walls.
2. Coatingof metals with shellacpreventsrusting .
3 . Shellac coating on citrusfruitsincreases their SHELF life.
15780.

Question : List any four characteristics of Protista.

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Solution :i. Protists are unicellular eukaryotes and they contain true and cytoplasmic organells like mitichondria, golgi body etc.
II. They show DIFFERENT TYPES of nutition. Some are photoautorophs while OTHERS are heterotophic.
iii. Some protists possess locomotory organellas like pseudopodia, flagella, CILIA etc.
iv. Protists show both asexual and sexual reproduction, characters.
15781.

Question : List any five salient features of the family Felidae.

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Solution :1. The species in the Felidae family are carnivores or omnivores.
2. Felids are generally solitary with a few exceptions.
3. They have sharp vision, hearing and a STRONG sense of smell.
4. They have short FACES and their paws have toes in the 5 forefeet and 4 toes in the hind FEET.
5. Most Felids live in the wild e.g. cat, tiger, lion, CHEETAH.
15782.

Question : List all the wastes that you generate, at home, school or during your trips to other places. Could you very easily reduce the generation of these wastes? Which would be difficult or rather impossible to reduce?

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SOLUTION :
If JUDICIOUSLY PLANNED, we can reduce USAGE of non-biodegradable materials especially PLASTICS
15783.

Question : Liquid which collects in Bownman's capsule is

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WATER and sulphates
water and glycogen
plasma mius BLOOD proteins
concentrated URINE.

15784.

Question : Lipo-protein network of tubular structures scattered in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cell is

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CYTOSKELETON
Microtubules
Endoplasmic reticulum
Plastids

Answer :C
15785.

Question : Lipids, which can be found in oil based salad dressings and ice cream, during digestion are splitted into

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FATTY ACIDS and glycerol
glycerol and AMINO acids
glucose and fatty acids
glucose and amino acids

Answer :A
15786.

Question : Lipids are insoluble in water because lipids molecules are

Answer»

HYDROPHILIC
HYDROPHOBIC
Neutral
Zwitter IONS

ANSWER :A
15787.

Question : Lipids are arranged within the membrane with

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polar heads towards inner side and the hydrophobic TALIS toward outerside
both heads and TAILS toward outerside
heads toward outerside and TAIL towards inside
both heads and tails towards innerside.

SOLUTION :In lipid BILAYER, lipids are arranged with the polar head towards the outer side and the hydrophobic/non-polar tails towards the inner side.
15788.

Question : State whether the following statements are true or false. Lipid-soluble molecules are able to diffuse into a cell morerapidly than water-soluble molecules. A. TrueB. False

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ANSWER :1
15789.

Question : Lipid molecules (Phospholipids) are amphiatic. Each moleucle has

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ANSWER :B
15790.

Question : Lion : Panthera leo :: leopard : ..........

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SOLUTION :PANTHERA PARDUS
15791.

Question : Linnaeus is considered as Father of Taxonomy. Name two other botanists known for their contribution to the field of plant taxonomy.

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Solution :R. H. WHITTAKER assigned five KINGDOM classification. Bentham and Hooker classified Angiosperms further.
15792.

Question : Linnaeus classification is also called sexual system of classification. Why?

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SOLUTION :LINNACUS CLASSIFICATION is mostly based on sexual characters like number, union , length and DISTRIBUTION of stamens and ALSO on carpel characters. Hence it is called sexual system of classification.
15793.

Question : Linmulus belongs to class …………………. .

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ONYCHOPHORA
INSECT
merostomata
CRUSTACEA

SOLUTION :merostomata
15794.

Question : ..............lines gall bladder.

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CILIATED EPITHELIUM
COLUMNAR epithelium
non-ciliated epithelium
pseudo-stratified epithelium

Answer :C
15795.

Question : Linear growth in the stem of grasses is caused by

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Intercalary meristems
APICAL meristems
Fascicular CAMBIUM
both 1 and 2

Answer :A
15796.

Question : Limitations of two kingdom classification is/are

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Unicellular chlamydomonas is kept ALONG with multicellular forms like spirogyra.
Photosynthetic Algae is PLACED along with NON photosynthetic FUNGI.
Prokaryotic bacteria is placed along with Eukaryotic plants
All the above

Answer :D
15797.

Question : Limbless amphibians belong to the order ……………….. .

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anura
URODELA
GYMNOPHIONA
lissamphibia

SOLUTION :gymnophiona
15798.

Question : Limbless amphibians are called :

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PADDLE worms
Glow worms
Caecilians
Pin worms

Answer :C
15799.

Question : Limbalances of certain hormones, deficiencies of calcium and vitamin D are the major causative factors of

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RHEUMATOID arthritis
OSTEOPOROSIS
osteoarthritis
gouty arthritis.

Solution :Osteoporosis is a disease of bone in which bone mineral density (BMD) is reduced, STRUCTURE of bone gets DISRUPTED, the amount and variety of non-collagenous proteins in bone is changed and thechances of fracture increaes. It is caused by deficiency of calcium, vitamin D, estrogen and androgen and increased level of glucocorticoid, thyroid PARATHYROID hormones.
15800.

Question : Like insulin and gluca,PTH and calcitonin are antagonistic in their action in maintaining normal blood calcium level .substantiate this statement.

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SOLUTION :PTH-increase CALCIUM LEVEL in blood/Hypercalcemic
Calcitonin-Decreases calcium level in blood/Hypocalcemic