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18101.

Question : Differentiate between Plant cells and animalcells

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SOLUTION :Plant cells almost always contain an extra cellular cell wall, which is made up of cellulose, whereas animal cells generally do not possess a cell wall. Plastids are a feature of most plant cells but are not found in the cells of animals. Vacuoles are quite prominent in plant cells, but are far less significant or ABSENT in animal cells. While animal cells invariably demonstrate a pair of CENTRIOLES lying just outside the nucleus, centrioles USUALLY do notoccur in plant cells.
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18102.

Question : Differentiate between Plasma and serum

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Solution :Plasma is the EXTRACELLULAR FLUID found in blood VESSELS, whereas SERUM is the blood plasma minus itsclotting proteins.
Discussion
18103.

Question : Differentiate between Planogametic copulation and gametangial copulation

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Solution :The planogametic copulation involves the fusion of two NAKED GAMETES (PLANOGAMETES). ONE or both of these gametes are motile. Whereas, the gametangial copulation is characterised by the fusion of the entire contents of two compatible gametangia.
Discussion
18104.

Question : Differentiate between Pinocytosis and phagocytosis

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Solution :Pinocytosis is the intake of fluid material into the cell by the FORMATION of pinocytic VESICLES or PINOSOMES. The fluid may contain molecules or other nutrient material in solution. On the contrary, phagocytosis is the injection of solid food in the cell. This PROCESS is SIMILAR to pinocytosis except that instead of fluid material solid substances are engulfed by the cell.
Discussion
18105.

Question : Differentiate betrween Photosystem I and Photosystem II.

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SOLUTION :
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18106.

Question : Differentiate between Photoautotrophs and chemoautotrophs

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Solution : PHOTOAUTOTROPHS are those organisms which DERIVE their energy from light and use as their SOLE carbon SOURCE, whereas chemoautotrophs are those organisms that OBTAIN energy by oxidising inorganic chemicalcompounds.
Discussion
18107.

Question : Differentiate between Phylloclade and cladode

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Solution : In phylloclade, the stem is modified into a flat, fleshy and green leaf-like structure which has a succession of NODES and INTERNODES. LEAVES are modified into spines or scales to check TRANSPIRATION, and the function of photosynthesis is taken up by the green leaf-like stem. Whereas cladode is a green, cylindrical or flattened stem branch of limited growth. UNLIKE phylloclade, it has only one or two internodes. It is borne in the axil of a scaly orspiny leaf at the node.
Discussion
18108.

Question : Differentiate Phellem and Phelloderm.

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SOLUTION :
Discussion
18109.

Question : Differentiate between Phellem and phelloderm

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Solution :The PHELLEM cells are characterized by suberin DEPOSITS on their walls and they are dead at MATURITY. They are usually prismatic in shape and are ARRANGED compactly in RADIAL rows. On the other hand, the cells of phelloderm are living with non-suberised cellulose walls which havesimple pits.
Discussion
18110.

Question : Differentiate between peristomium and prostomium in earthworm.

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SOLUTION :
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18111.

Question : Differentiate between Passive transport and active transport

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Solution :The passage of molecules through the membrane from a high CONCENTRATION to a LOW concentration region is CALLED passive transport. Transfer of molecules takes place ALONG the concentration gradient, and in this PROCESS no energy is required. In active transport, molecules usually move from regions of low concentration to high concentration, i.e., molecules move against the concentration gradient. The energy required in the processcomes from ATP produced by oxidative phosphorylation.
Discussion
18112.

Question : Differentiate between Peripheral proteins and integral proteins

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Solution :The peripheral PROTEINS remain associated with MEMBRANE SURFACE, while the INTEGRAL proteins enter the lipid bilayer and make an integral part of the membrane. The peripheral proteins (also known as extrinsic proteins) are soluble and readily dissociate from the membrane, whereas the integral proteins (also known as intrinsic proteins) are relatively insoluble and dissociate with difficulty.
Discussion
18113.

Question : Differentiate between passive and active water absorption.

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SOLUTION :REFER Table 2, PAGE 657
Discussion
18114.

Question : Differentiate between Parenchyma and collenchyma

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SOLUTION :Parenchyma are LIVING cells with RELATIVELY thin primary cell WALLS whereas COLLENCHYMA is a specialized supporting tissue which has living cells and possessesconsiderable tensile strength.
Discussion
18115.

Question : Differentiate between Parenchyma and sclerenchyma

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Solution :Parenchyma is a SIMPLE tissue, the cells of which are usually isodiametric, oval, circular or polygonal with intercellular spaces. They are living cells with RELATIVELY thin primary CELL WALLS. Sclerenchyma is also a simple tissue composed of thick-walled, often LIGNIFIED prosenchymatous cells. The mature sclerenchyma cells differ from parenchyma cells in the presence of lignifiedsecondary walls and the absence of living protoplast.
Discussion
18116.

Question : Differentiate between Parasite and saprophyte

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SOLUTION :Parasites are those organisms which obtain their nutrition from other LIVING organisms, whereas SAPROPHYTES obtain their nutrition from the dead decayingorganic MATTER.
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18117.

Question : Differentiate between Oviparous and viviparous animals

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Solution :ANIMALS which lay EGGS are CALLED oviparous, WHEREAS animals which GIVE birth to their young ones areviviparous.
Discussion
18118.

Question : Differentiate between Neuron and nephron

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SOLUTION :NEURON receives STIMULUS through its dendriteswhile nephrons help in excretion of nitrogenous WASTES.
Discussion
18119.

Question : What is the difference between open and closed vascular bundles?

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Solution :In open BUNDLES cambium is present in between the xylem and PHLOEM, WHEREAS closed bundles arewithout cambium.
Discussion
18120.

Question : Differentiate between Nephridia and malphighian tubuies

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Solution :Nephridia are small and coiled tubular structures and constitute the excretory system of annelids. Whereas the malphighian tubules are fine, thread-like tubules and constitute the principal excretory organs of some ARTHROPODS, like COCKROACHES, etc.
Discussion
18121.

Question : Differentiate between mould and cast.

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SOLUTION :
Discussion
18122.

Question : Differentiate between Myelinated and non-myelinated nerve fibres

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Solution :The NERVE fibres which REMAIN covered by a MYELIN sheath are known as myelinated nerve fibres. On the other hand, nerve fibres devoid of myelin sheath arecalled non-myelinated nerve fibres.
Discussion
18123.

Question : Differentiate between Muscle fibre and nerve fibre

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Solution :The CONTRACTILE cell or unit of which muscle is composed of is called muscle fibre WHEREAS, the extendedaxon or DENDRITE of a NEURON is called nerve fibre.
Discussion
18124.

Question : Differentiate between monopodial and sympodial branching.

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SOLUTION :
Discussion
18125.

Question : Differentiate between Monoecious and dioecious plants

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SOLUTION :When both STAMINATE and pistillate FLOWERS are borne on the same plant, the condition is known as monoecious, and when staminate and pistillate flowersare present on DIFFERENT PLANTS, it is said to be dioecious.
Discussion
18126.

Question : Differentiate between Monophyletic group and paraphyletic group.

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SOLUTION :
Discussion
18127.

Question : Differentiate between Microtubules and microfilaments

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Solution :Microtubules are straight, ELONGATED, hollow structures, COMPOSED of GLOBULAR protein SUBUNITS (tubulin), WHEREAS microfilaments are very fine proteinfilaments, consisting of the protein actin.
Discussion
18128.

Question : Differentiate between Micronutrient and Macronutrient.

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Solution :`{:(S.No .,"Micronutrients", "macronutrients"),(1,"micronutrients are the essential","micronutrients are the essential"),(,"MINERALS REQUIRED in LESS", "minerals required in higher"),(,"concentration. Example: copper","concentration. Example: NITROGEN"):}`
Discussion
18129.

Question : Differentiate between Mesosomes and chondriosomes

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SOLUTION :Mesosomes are the invaginations of the plasma MEMBRANE in prokaryotic cells. These invaginations are the SITE of various biochemical reactions. Whereas chondriosomes are membrane bounded organelles in eukaryotic cells in which ATP MOLECULES are producedduring the process of cellular RESPIRATION.
Discussion
18130.

Question : Differentiate between Meristematic and permanent tissues .

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Solution :The cells of meristematic tissue are thin-walled, mostly isodiametric and are compactly arranged without any intercellular spaces. They take a deep stain and have larger nuclei. They have dense cytoplasm either with very small vacuoles or without any vacuole. The protoplast of meristematic cells is devoid of reserve food MATERIALS and PLASTIDS and it has poorly developed ENDOPLASMIC reticulum.
On the contrary, permanent tissues are formed as the result of division and differentiation in meristematic tissues. These tissues are composed of cells which have lost the power of division, having ATTAINED their definite form, SIZE and shape. The cells of permanent tissues maybe living or dead and thin or thick-walled.
Discussion
18131.

Question : Differentiate between Megasporophyll and microsporophyll

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SOLUTION :Megasporophyll bears the ovules, WHEREAS themicrosporophyll bears the MICROSPORANGIA.
Discussion
18132.

Question : Differentiate between male and female frog.

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SOLUTION :
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18133.

Question : Differentiate between Lysosomes and peroxisomes

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Solution :Lysosomes are membrane-bounded vesicles that CONTAIN hydrolytic enzymes for digesting macromolecules, WHEREAS peroxisomes are also small, spherical, membrane-bound bodies but they contain enzymes, in particular CATALASE, which breaks down the highly toxic cellular byproduct HYDROGEN peroxide into water andoxygen, thereby PREVENTING the cell being poisoned.
Discussion
18134.

Question : Differentiate between Lymphocyte and basophil

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Solution :LYMPHOCYTES produce ANTIBODIES hence HELP in immunity, while basophils secrete HISTAMINE and heparin(an anticoagulant of BLOOD).
Discussion
18135.

Question : Differentiate between Lymphocytes and monocytes

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Solution :Lymphocytes PROVIDE defense to the body against INVASION of bacteria and other organisms, whereas monocytes, which directly attack invading organisms,lymphocytes destroy them by producing ANTIBODIES.
Discussion
18136.

Question : Differentiate between Liverworts and moss

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Solution :The plant body of LIVERWORTS is PROSTRATE and thalloid, whereas in mosses the plant body is erect anddifferentiated into AXIS and lateral APPENDAGES (LEAVES).
Discussion
18137.

Question : Differentiate between Leaf tendrils and stem tendrils

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Solution :When leaves are modified into slender, wiry, often closely coiled structures, they are known as leaf tendrils. The leaf may be partially or WHOLLY modified into tendril. WHEREAS the stem tendril is also a slender, SPIRALLY coiled, threadlike structure which helps the plant to CLIMB, but it is a modification of an axillary bud, a sympodial axisor even of a flower bud.
Discussion
18138.

Question : Differentiate between Hypogynous , perigynous and epigynous flowers

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Solution :The flower is said to be hypogynous if SEPALS, petals and stamens are inserted below the OVARY. In perigynous FLOWERS the thalamus forms a cup-shaped STRUCTURE around the ovary, and sepals, petals and stamens appear to be inserted on the rim of the cup. When the thalamus completely encloses the ovary and fuses with the ovary wall and sepals, petals and stamens seem toarise above the ovary, the flower is said to be epigynous.
Discussion
18139.

Question : Differentiate between Homothallism and heterothallism.

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SOLUTION :Homothallism refers to a condition where hyphae are genetically COMPATIBLE and therefore forming ZYGOSPORES from two branches of the same mycelium. Whereas, heterothallism refers to a condition where two complementary mating types are needed for sexual reproduction. In other words, homothallic SPECIES PRODUCE zygospores independently, whereas heterothallic speciesrequire the presence of opposite mating types.
Discussion
18140.

Question : Differentiate between Homosporous and heterosporous pteridophyte

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SOLUTION :In homosporous PTERIDOPHYTES, all the spores are of similar kinds, whereas in heterosporous pteridophytes, there are two kinds of spores, macro-(large) and micro (small) spores. The megaspores and microspores GERMINATE and give rise to female and male GAMETOPHYTES,respectively.
Discussion
18141.

Question : Differentiate between Homoeothermal and poikilothermal animals

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Solution :The animals whose body temperature REMAINS constant and does not CHANGE with the change in the ATMOSPHERIC temperature are KNOWN as homoeothermal. Whereas, the animals whose body temperature varies with changes in ENVIRONMENTAL temperature are known aspoikilothermal.
Discussion
18142.

Question : Differentiate between homo polysaccharides saccharides and hetero poly saccharides.

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SOLUTION :
Discussion
18143.

Question : Differentiate between Hologamy and autogamy

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SOLUTION : In hologamy, true gametes are not formed, but two mature individuals FUSE together to form a zygote. On the other HAND, in autogamy, the male and female gametes PRODUCED by the same unicell fuse to form a DIPLOID zygote.
Discussion
18144.

Question : Differentiate between Holocrine and apocrine glands

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SOLUTION :Holocrine glands are those glands where the entire CELL disintegrates while DISCHARGING its secretion, e.g., sebaceous glands. WHEREAS in apocrine glands, apical parts of the cells are shed off to discharge SECRETIONS,e.g., mammary glands.
Discussion
18145.

Question : Differentiate between Herbs and shrubs

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Solution :HERBS are SMALL plants with soft and pliable STEMS whereas shrubs are medium SIZED PERENNIAL woody plants which branch profusely from the base and attain abushy appearance.
Discussion
18146.

Question : Differentiate between Hemopoiesis and hemolysis

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SOLUTION :Formation of BLOOD corpuscles is called hemopoiesis, WHEREAS destruction of worn out RBCs and the CONVERSION of HAEMOGLOBIN into bile pigments is calledhemolysis.
Discussion
18147.

Question : Differentiate between Heartwood and sapwood

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Solution :In most trees the OUTER light coloured region of the wood is distinct from the inner DARK coloured region. The former is known as sapwood and the latter heartwood. The sapwood consists of living cells, whereas the heartwood is COMPOSED of dead cells which BECOME impregnatedwith resins, gummy or tannin like substances.
Discussion
18148.

Question : Bring out the differences between sap wood and heart wood

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SOLUTION :
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18149.

Question : Differentiate between Green sulphur and sulphur bacteria

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Solution : Green SULPHUR BACTERIA are strictly anaerobic PHOTOAUTOTROPHS, WHEREAS sulphur bacteria are nonphotosynthetic but AUTOTROPHIC bacteria.
Discussion
18150.

Question : Differentiate between Halophiles and thermoacidophiles

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SOLUTION :Halophiles are those archaebacteria which are found in regions of HIGH SALINITY, WHEREAS thermoacidophiles are those archaebacteria which are found in hot sulphur SPRINGS.
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